<<陳老師課堂>>重點難點點撥 高三英語語法

Non-verbs form非謂語動詞（１）

非謂語動詞是高中英語語法教學中難度最大的一個項目.它的重點與難點要具體從動詞不定式,動名詞和分詞三個方面來進行探討. 今天探討動詞不定式.

動詞不定式的句法功能

動詞不定式在句子中可以做主語，表語，賓語，定語，狀語和賓語補足語。做主語或賓語時，經(jīng)常用it來做形式主語或形式賓語。E.g.

主語：To say something is one thing, to do it is another. To get up early is good for you. It is necessary to learn English well. It is difficult to know oneself.

表語：His duty is to keep the room clean. My wish is to be an engineer.

賓語：He offered to help us. I think it necessary to learn English well. Do remem- ber to post the letter for me this afternoon. . He pretended not to see me.

定語：I have many homework to do this evening. She has two babies to look after.

狀語：We hurried the school to find nobody there. Food must be kept in a refrige- rator to keep fresh. He is too tired to walk on.

賓補：At the party we asked her to sing that song. Wang Fang advised me to accept her offer.

動詞不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)

讓我們以動詞take為例；

動詞不定式的一般式是to take，它的被動語態(tài)形式是to be taken，它所表示的動作通常和謂語動作同步或在謂語動作之后發(fā)生；E.g.

I plan to attend the meeting.

I believe him to be a Chinese teacher.

This box is too heavy to be lifted.

His father disappeared, never to be heard from again.

動詞不定式的完成式是to have taken，它的被動語態(tài)形式是to have been taken，它所表示的動作通常先于謂語動作之前發(fā)生；E.g.

He is said that to have been working in that factory for twenty years.

I intended to have come to see you. .

I am sorry to have taken up so much of your time.

I expected to have finished the book by the end of the year.

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That book is said to have been translated into many foreign languages.

動詞不定式的進行式是to be taking，它沒有被動語態(tài)形式，它所表示的動作通常和謂語動作同時發(fā)生；E.g.

They seemed to be talking about something interesting.

I hate to be lying in bed like this while other students are having class.

動詞不定式不帶to的情況

動詞feel; hear; notice; observe; see; watch; have; let; make等后面的賓語補足語如果是動詞不定式, 不帶to, 但如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu),就必須帶to。E.g.

I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.

We heard you sing this song. You were heard to sing this song.

A student saw the thief enter the office. The thief was seen to enter the office.

Mr.Ma made Lily do her work again. Lily was made to do her work again.

The boss made the workers work ten hours a day. The workers were made to work ten hours a day.

動詞不定式在介詞but, except, beside后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的某種形式，那么介詞后面的動詞不定式不帶to。反之，就要帶to。E.g.

I have no choice but to act on his advice.

He desired nothing but to succeed.

He did nothing last night but watch TV.

There is nothing for me to do but wait.

Mary did nothing except clean her clothes.

I had nothing to do besides answer their questions then.

在would rather…than…, would sooner…than…, had rather…than…, had sooner…than…, rather than等結(jié)構(gòu)的than后面的動詞不定式不帶to。 E.g.

I would rather not drink anything.

They would rather die than surrender.

They would sooner die than surrender.

They had rather die than surrender.

They had sooner die than surrender.

在cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等結(jié)構(gòu)的but后面的動詞不定式不帶to。E.g.

I cannot help but be sorry.

I cannot but admire his courage.

There was no bus that day. I couldn’t choose but stay there for another night.

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如果主語部分含有動詞do的形式，做表語的動詞不定式不帶to。E.g.

What I want to do is run a foreign language school.

John cannot do anything but ask silly questions

What he wanted to do was wash his hands off it.

What he did to the matter was keep silent.

The only thing I could do was go there alone.

The first thing for them to do is collect enough money and grain.

The first thing I did on my return to my hometown was visit my teachers.

動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種情況： 1). It + be + adj. + of sb. to do sth.; 2). It + be + adj. + for sb. to do sth.；那么我們怎樣去選擇呢？也就是說選擇for或of的理由是什么呢？當句子中的形容詞表示的是人的性質(zhì)或特征時，我們用of；當句子中的形容詞表示的是后面的動詞不定式的性質(zhì)時，我們用for。E.g.

* This passage is too hard for me to understand.

It is easy for you to say so; you haven’t got to make the decision.

It is impossible for you to finish the task in five minutes.

It is necessary for us to learn English well.

* It is wise of you to give up smoking.

It is clever of you to guess right.

It’s very kind of you to help me with my English.

動詞不定式的疑問結(jié)構(gòu)

動詞不定式可以與疑問詞who, which, what, how, when, where連用, 構(gòu)成動詞不定式的疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。動詞不定式的疑問結(jié)構(gòu)可以用來做主語，表語，賓語和賓語補足語。

She couldn’t decide what to do next.

When to hold the meeting has not been decided.

The question is how to put the theory into practice.

The problem is where to buy this kind of material.

The computer teacher showed us how to operate the computer.

動詞不定式省略的情況

有時為了避免重復(fù)，我們可以用to來代替前面的動詞不定式，這種情況常出現(xiàn)在動詞except, prefer, care, mean, forget, want, wish, hope, try,之后。但如果在

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省略的動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be，have或have been，這些詞要保留。E.g.

* I broke a dish while washing up this evening. I didn’t mean to.

You don’t have to finish the soup if you don’t want to.

I wonder why he didn’t do as he was told to.

He doesn’t live here now, but he used to.

Ought I to finish my homework today? Yes, you ought to.

Why did you do that? They told me to.

Would you like to go to the film with me? I’d love to.

Are you going to transfer to another school? I hope to.

* I didn’t tell him the news. Oh, you ought to have.

Are you on holiday? No, but I’d like to be.

要求用動詞不定式做賓語的動詞

下列動詞的后面要求接動詞不定式做賓語。他們是：ask, want, attempt, intend, wish, demand, expect, prefer, love, plan, need, promise, refuse, agree, decide, trouble,

determine, pretend, manage, learn, desire, long, choose, afford等。E.g.

I can’t afford to take flying lessons.

We expected to organize a youth club.

He demanded to know the truth.

She didn’t expect to see him here.

He intended to have come yesterday.

He pretended not to have seen me when I passed him.

Her legs began to tire and she wanted toget up and stretch.

下列動詞的后面還要求接疑問詞+動詞不定式做賓語。他們是：decide, ask, tell, advise, know, wonder, explain, consider, discuss, discover, forget等。E.g.

He didn’t tell us where to hold the meeting next week.

She was wondering whether to stay there another week.

We haven’t decided when to hold the meeting.

He didn’t know where to find his father.

The peasants taught us how to do farm work.

Li Mei is considering where to spend her holidays.

I didn’t know how to look up information in Internet five years ago.

不用動詞不定式做賓語補足語的動詞

下列動詞不用動詞不定式做賓語補足語。他們是：hope, find, demand, agree, suggest, lead等。這些動詞必須熟記在胸。

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動詞不定式做定語

動詞不定式做定語通常指未來行為。它與被修飾的詞或是主謂關(guān)系，或是動賓關(guān)系，或是同位關(guān)系。不及物動詞構(gòu)成的動詞不定式做定語則應(yīng)該加上必要的介詞且常用主動語態(tài)。 E.g.

Our headmaster is always the first one to come to school every day.

Mr Zhang said that he needed someone to help him do the housework.

I have an important meeting to attend this afternoon.

China is the first country to use gunpowder in the world.

We have made the plan to learn a second foreign language.

It is your job to cook three meals, wash the dishes and do some cleaning.

She has eight children to look after in the kindergarten.

The pen to write with is borrowed from my English teacher.

動詞不定式做定語語態(tài)選擇的原則

動詞不定式的邏輯主語是動詞不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者，用主動語態(tài)形式；動詞不定式的邏輯主語是動詞不定式所表示的動作的承受者，用被動語態(tài)形式; 動詞不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,又和句子的主語(人)或賓語(人)構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時，用主動語態(tài)形式。 E.g.

Do you have anything else to say for yourself?

Please tell us the homework to be done this evening.

Do you have anything to take to your parents?

Do you have anything for me to take to your parents?

Do you have anything to be taken to your parents? ( taken)

It is a great honour for him to have been elected an advanced teacher.

在there be句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，當說話人考慮的是人去做某事時，動詞不定式用主動語態(tài)形式；如果只是考慮某事要完成，動詞不定式用被動語態(tài)形式。E.g.

There is a lot of housework to do this afternoon.

There is a lot of housework to be done this afternoon.

動詞不定式做狀語語態(tài)選擇的原則

動詞不定式做表語形容詞的狀語，且和句中的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，動詞不定式用主動語態(tài)形式。E.g.

“This book is difficult to understand.” Mr. Chen declared.

“He is nice to get on with.” The headmaster intruduced Mr. Li to us and added.

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