作者:陳光明
定語從句與同位語從句都可位于名詞之后,而且都可用 that, when, where, why, who等詞引導(dǎo),但它們是兩種性質(zhì)完全不同的從句,不可混淆。那么,該如何區(qū)分呢?
一、 定語從句相當(dāng)于一個形容詞, 它對先行詞起修飾、描述和限制的作用。同位語從句相當(dāng)于名詞,屬于名詞性從句,它是對前面名詞內(nèi)容的具體表述,它們之間的關(guān)系是同位關(guān)系。試比較:
The news that you heard is not true. 你聽到的那個消息不是真的。(定語從句)
The news that he has died is true. 他已經(jīng)去世的消息是真的。(同位語從句,說明了 news 的具體內(nèi)容,即he has died)
二、 同位語從句常跟在 news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information 等少數(shù)名詞之后,而一般名詞之后都可跟定語從句。如:
The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。
He didn't give the answer why he was late. 他沒回答他為什么遲到這個問題。(同位語從句)
Then rose a question where we should go. 于是產(chǎn)生了一個問題:我們該到哪里去?(同位語從句)
三、that 在定語從句中充當(dāng)某一成分, 是關(guān)系代詞; that 在同位語從句中不作任何成分,僅把主句與從句連接在一起,是從屬連詞。如:
The fact that just now you talked about interests me. 你們剛才談?wù)摰氖虑槭刮腋信d趣。(定語從句)
The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry. 他考試沒及格這個事實使他的父母很生氣。(同位語從句)
四、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引導(dǎo)定語從句, 它們分別指前面先行詞所表示的時間、地點、原因、方式、人和物,否則引導(dǎo)的就是同位語從句。試比較:
I still remember the day when he was killed. 我還記得他被害的那一天。(定語從句)
I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他什么時候被害的。(同位語從句)
They didn't go to the town where they were born.他們沒有去他們出生的小鎮(zhèn)。(定語從句)
They didn't answer the question where they were born.他們沒有回答他們在哪里出生這個問題。(同位語從句)
五、whether, what 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句,但通常不可引導(dǎo)定語從句。
We have no information whether he is alive. 我們不知道他是否活著。(同位語從句)
The problem whether it is right or wrong has not been decided yet. 是對還是錯,這個問題還未得到解決。(同位語從句)
Next comes the question what step we should take. 接著的問題是我們下一步該做什么。(同位語從句)