Warming up / Listening / Speaking
1.happen vi. 發(fā)生
happen to sb./ sth. 發(fā)生在某人(某物)身上…
e.g. If anything happens to him, let me know.
happen to do (be, be doing ) 偶爾(碰巧)在做…
e.g. He happened to be out then.
注意: happen 作 “發(fā)生”講時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),其過(guò)去分詞不能用作形容詞. The accident was happened last night.(F)
The accident happened last night.
happen, take place, occur都表示 “發(fā)生”,都不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
1). happen 指事情的發(fā)生,往往帶有 “偶然”或 “未能預(yù)見(jiàn)”的意思.
2). take place 指事先布置或策劃好而后發(fā)生,沒(méi)有 “偶然”意味.有時(shí)有 “舉行”的意思.
e.g. Great changes have taken place in our school.
When will the football match take place?
3). occur 當(dāng)主體指具體或確實(shí)發(fā)生的事件時(shí), occur可與happen換用.但在表示否定時(shí)最好用occur.
e.g. The accident happened (occurred) yesterday.
注: occur 表示 “想起,產(chǎn)生”時(shí),不可與happen互換.
e.g. It occurred to me that I had forgot to bring money.
2. It really hurts.
hurt, injure, wound 這三個(gè)詞都表示 “使…受傷”. 作及物動(dòng)詞, 在表達(dá) “受傷”時(shí),一定要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
e.g.他受傷很嚴(yán)重.
He badly hurt (injured, wounded ). (F)
He was badly hurt (injured, wounded).
1). hurt “傷” 可以指精神上的或肉體上的 “傷害”, 含較強(qiáng)的 “疼痛” 意味, 通常與badly, slightly, seriously 等連用,表示受傷的程度.
e.g. He fell and hurt his arm. 他摔了一跤,摔壞了胳膊.
2). injure “傷” (=hurt). 指在意外事故或事件中, “負(fù)傷, 受傷害”.
e.g. He was injured in a fire. 他在一場(chǎng)火災(zāi)中受傷.
3). wound “傷”指用外界暴力引起身體 “創(chuàng)傷”, 尤指刀傷, 槍傷, 劍傷等.
e.g. The bullet wounded him in the left leg. 子彈打傷了他的左腳.
用法上的區(qū)別:
1). 身體內(nèi)部的受傷不能用 wound
e.g. His internal organs were injured/hurt .(不能用wound)
他的內(nèi)部器官受傷了.
2). injure, wound 的過(guò)去分詞可以作定語(yǔ); hurt的過(guò)去分詞不能.
e.g.他受傷很嚴(yán)重.
I saw an injured (a wounded) man.
I saw a hurt man.(F)
3). hurt 可作不及物動(dòng)詞, 表示 “疼”, “難受”. 其他兩個(gè)詞不能.
e.g. My left foot hurts. 我左腳疼.(可能是鞋夾腳的原因,不一定是傷)
3. It was a bit green.
a bit 一點(diǎn)點(diǎn),有點(diǎn) a bit of +不可數(shù)名詞
a bit of salt= a little salt
a bit hungry (angry) 有點(diǎn)餓(生氣)
e.g. I’m not a bit hungry. 我一點(diǎn)也不餓.
I’m not a little hungry. 我很餓了.
not a bit = not at all 一點(diǎn)也不
not a little= very 很,非常
4.Was the peach ripe or green?
桃子是成熟的還是生的？
句子中的green作“沒(méi)有成熟的”解，是ripe（成熟的）的反義詞。
e.g. Green fruit is not good to eat.
The cherries(櫻桃)are still too green to pick.
表示常用顏色的形容詞往往可以引申出與顏色有關(guān)聯(lián)
的其它意思：
red（暴力的，流血的 ） black（邪惡的，不吉利的）
yellow（膽怯，靠不住的） blue（沮喪） white（幸運(yùn)的，吉利的）
e.g. a red battle血戰(zhàn)
I always knew you were yellow! 我早就知道你膽小怕事。
He looks blue. 他看上去情緒低落。
Things look black.
5. And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn’t ripe in the future.
我勸你以后不要吃不成熟的水果。
1）advise作“勸”、“建議”解，常用于下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：
（1）后面可以跟不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即advise sb. (not) to do sth. ，意為勸某人干/不干某事。
e.g. The doctor advised me to take more exercise.
醫(yī)生建議我多做運(yùn)動(dòng)。
He strongly advised me not to do so.
他堅(jiān)決勸我不要那樣做。
（2）后面可以跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should do, should可以省略，即advise sb that sb (should) do sth.
e.g. I advised him that he should attend the meeting.
我勸他參加這次會(huì)議。
The teacher advised us that we read more books about English literature.
老師建議我們多讀些英國(guó)文學(xué)方面的書(shū)。
Advise sth. 建議某事
~sb. (not )to do sth 勸告某人
~doing sth. 建議做某事
~sb+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式 建議某人怎么樣
~(sb.) that +主+(should) do sth 建議某人應(yīng)該做某事
He advised an early start.
me to start early
starting early
(me) that I (should) start early
Could you advise me what to do next?
I ____ him to give up smoking, but I failed.(C)
A. preferred B. hoped
C. advised D. suggested
解析: prefer 與題意不合; hope to do sth/wish sb. to do sth. ; suggest (sb.) doing sth.
另注: advise sb. to do sth. “勸說(shuō)某人做某事”但不一定勸說(shuō)成功.
advise (v.) →advice (un.)
give (some) advice on sth/how to do…;
advice column;
advice line;
ask for (a piece of ) advice;
follow/take sb.’ s advice
2) in future (from now on) “今后”
in the future (in time yet to come)“將來(lái)”
e.g. You’d better not go out alone in future. 今后你最好不要單獨(dú)外出。
No one knows what will happen in the future. 沒(méi)人知道將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么事情。
Reading
1.Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st-century person.
對(duì)21世紀(jì)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，傳統(tǒng)的飲食往往含有太多的脂肪和卡路里。
1)diet和food都可以作“食物”解
diet:習(xí)慣的食物或特定的食物，特指維持健康的定量或定質(zhì)的食物，如病人的療養(yǎng)飲食。
food是一般的詞語(yǔ)，凡能吃喝的東西都可以稱為food.
e.g. The doctor has ordered me a special diet. 醫(yī)生給我安排了特殊的飲食。
They gave us plenty of food and drink. 他們給了我們大量食物和飲料。
Proper _diet___and exercise are both important for health.
適當(dāng)?shù)娘嬍澈瓦\(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)健康都是很重要的。
This _diet___only allows you to eat fresh fruit.
按照這份指定食譜你可以吃新鮮水果。
Milk is the natural _food___for young babies.
奶是嬰兒的天然食物。
We must have _food___to eat and clothes to wear.
2) too many +可數(shù)名詞
too much +不可數(shù)名詞
much too +形容詞/副詞
3）calorie= calory,指食物產(chǎn)生的熱量，也可以作熱量單位。
e.g. One thin piece of bread has 90 calories. 一片薄面包有九十卡路里的熱量。
While you are at school, or walking home, your body is burning up 100 calories an hour. 你在學(xué)校上課或者走路回家的時(shí)候，你的體內(nèi)每小時(shí)要消耗100卡路里。
2. Stores offer all kinds of food and snacks and we have to make many choices.
商店里有各種各樣的食品和點(diǎn)心，我們得做出選擇。
1）food一般用作不可數(shù)名詞，表示“各種食品”的意思，在英語(yǔ)中，有些不可數(shù)名詞也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示“許多種類”。
What fruits are in season now? 現(xiàn)在哪些水果上市了？
有些不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示“大量的”意思。
e.g. the upper waters of Yangtze River 長(zhǎng)江上游
on the sands在沙灘上
有的不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示與原詞不同的意思。
works of literature and art 文藝作品
Don’t put on airs with me.不要在我面前擺架子。
2）make a choice
He made a careful choice. 他作了慎重的選擇。
Now that you know all the facts, you can make many choices.
既然了解了實(shí)情，你可以作出多種選擇。
3. Some nutrients help build our body and make it stranger.
1) help (n.)
[U] 幫助，幫忙 Thank you for your help.
[C] 助手，幫手
The girl is now quite a help to her mother.
help (Vt.)
He often helps me. (幫助)
Help yourself to some fish. （奉以食物，飲料）
help (Vi.)有效用，有幫助
The medicine helps a lot.
這藥非常有效。
常用短語(yǔ)
help out 幫助克服困難，幫助從……里出來(lái)
help sb. with sth. 幫助某人做某事
can’t help doing… 禁不住……
help yourself to… 請(qǐng)自己動(dòng)手……
can’t help but do 不由得
with one’s help (with the help of) 在……幫助下
help sb. (to) do sth.幫助某人做某事
help( to )do sth.有助于
典型例題:
When he heard that his mother died, he couldn’t help but___.(D)
A. crying B. to crying
C. cried D. cry
2) make
make +賓語(yǔ) + 形容詞 “使某人/某事成為……”
The interesting story made him very happy.
The smoke made the room dirty.
4. We should also eat carbohydrates, the main fuel for your body.
我們還應(yīng)該吃碳水化合物，這是身體的主要養(yǎng)料。
1) main (adj.) (無(wú)比較級(jí)) 主要的；重要的；大陸的；本土的（作定語(yǔ)）
Can you follow the main points of his speech?
你聽(tīng)懂他說(shuō)話的要點(diǎn)了嗎？
2) main (n.) 主要部份（常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示鐵路，電等的干線）
The new house is not yet connected to the mains.
新房子（的水電）還沒(méi)接上總管道。
5. But the choices we make are not just about nutrition.
但我們所做的選擇不僅和營(yíng)養(yǎng)有關(guān)。
not just = not only
e.g. His lecture not just referred to the cultural difference between America and China. 他的演講不僅僅涉及到中美之間的文化差異。
The cuts will affect not just this school but also other schools in the area.
這些削減（項(xiàng)目）不僅會(huì)影響這所學(xué)校，而且會(huì)影響區(qū)內(nèi)的其它學(xué)校。
6. Many people today make choices about their eating habits based on what they believe.
1) n. [C]
In 1894, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work. 在1849年，他去了英格蘭并將倫敦作為他革命工作的基地。
2) Vt. The story is based on a true story.
3)base one’s opinion (up) on the facts.
把自己的觀點(diǎn)建立在真實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上
典型例題：
There’s a house ____ the base of the mountain. (C)
A. in B. over C. at D. by
7.…environmentally friendly food, or “eco- food”, is produced by companies who have tried to use green and clean ways to grow it.
對(duì)環(huán)境有利的食品，也就是“生態(tài)食品”，是公司盡量使用綠色干凈的食品制作方式生產(chǎn)的。
green表示“對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)害的”
8. It is probably better, however, if we spend our time and money on building good food and keeping a balanced diet.
不過(guò)，如果我們把時(shí)間、金錢花費(fèi)在選擇健康食品和保持平衡飲食上可能會(huì)更好.
however (無(wú)比較級(jí)) adv.
1) (作how的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式) 怎么會(huì),竟會(huì)
However did you make such a mistake?
你怎么竟會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤.
2) (作連接性副詞)不管……如何;多么……(可修飾adj./adv.后必須緊跟adj./adv.句子應(yīng)該半倒裝=no matter how)
However hard he tried, he couldn’t remember the text.
3) (起副詞作用) 但是;可是; 不過(guò)(多插在句子中間,有時(shí)可放在句首或句尾,多用逗號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi).)
e.g. The Einsteins, however, couldn’t pay for the education that young Albert need.
然而愛(ài)因斯坦夫婦付不起小阿爾伯特所需學(xué)費(fèi).
I’d like to go with you, however, my hands are full.
我很想和你一塊兒去,但是我忙不過(guò)來(lái).
conj.怎么樣……都行(引導(dǎo)壯語(yǔ)從句)
He can go however he likes. 他愛(ài)怎么去就怎么去好了.
9. Instead of eating expensive diet foods or going on unhealthy diets, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercise more.
不用吃昂貴的食療食品,或者進(jìn)行不健康的節(jié)食,我們只需盡量少吃脂肪和糖,多運(yùn)動(dòng).
instead of “代替,而不是”
instead of sth./ doing
e.g. Can you have the meeting on Thursday instead of Saturday?
你們能星期四而不是星期六開(kāi)會(huì)嗎?
Instead of just complaining all the time, why don’t you do something about it!
別老是光發(fā)牢騷,你干嘛不做點(diǎn)兒什么?
2) simply在句中不是“簡(jiǎn)單地，簡(jiǎn)易的”，而是作“僅僅，只不過(guò)”解。相當(dāng)于just/ only
e.g. I’d like to help. It’s simply a question of money.
我很樂(lè)意幫忙，那只不過(guò)是錢的問(wèn)題。
Grammar
Modal verbs (1)-had better, should, ought to
1. had better ( ’d better)
had better +動(dòng)詞原形，意為“最好…;還是…為好”,指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái),不指過(guò)去,無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化,語(yǔ)氣比should, ought to 更委婉.
e.g. You’re tired, you’d better get some sleep.
你累了,最好去睡一會(huì)兒.
I’d better not disturb him.
我最好不去打擾他.
注意:使用had better 時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾種形式:
1). 肯定句: had better + 動(dòng)詞原形
e.g. You’d better leave here now.
2). 否定句: had better not +動(dòng)詞原形
e.g. You’d better not leave here now.
3). 疑問(wèn)句: had +sb.+ better…? (肯定)
e.g. Had you better leave here now?
had +sb.+ better not ..?
hadn’t +sb.+better…?
4). 反意疑問(wèn)句:
e.g. You’d better not leave here, had you?
2. ought/ should
ought + to do 語(yǔ)氣比should 強(qiáng),側(cè)重反映客觀情況.
should + 動(dòng)詞原形 表說(shuō)話人的主觀看法
e.g. You should call on Mary next week.你應(yīng)該在下個(gè)禮拜去看望瑪麗.(強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度)
You ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.
明天按理我們應(yīng)該去看望瑪麗,但是我認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)去.(ought to 反映客觀情況)
ought not to 不許可
should not 不應(yīng)該
e.g. Such things ought not to be done.
such things should not be done.
ought to have + 過(guò)去分詞 ; should have +過(guò)去分詞,表示過(guò)去本來(lái)應(yīng)該做,而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作.
e.g. I told Rose how to get here, but perhaps I should have written it out for her.
我告訴了羅斯如何到那里,但是或許我應(yīng)該寫(xiě)下來(lái)給她.(表示本來(lái)應(yīng)該寫(xiě)出地址,而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出來(lái))
Integrating skills
1.Even if we choose nutritious food for our main meals, the probably still need to refuel now and then.
即使我們選擇有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的事物作為主食,我們可能仍需要時(shí)不時(shí)地補(bǔ)充能量.
1).even if “即使,雖然”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)可用even though來(lái)替換.
e.g. Even if me could afford it, we wouldn’t go abroad for our holidays.
即使我們有能力,我們也不會(huì)出國(guó)度假.
Even if you lose the match, you shouldn’t lose heart.
即使你輸了比賽,你也不該喪失斗志.
2).now and then 作 “有時(shí),不時(shí)”講,有是可用every now and then或now and again表示,意思上相當(dāng)于sometime.
e.g. Although Phil is busy, he e-mails to me now and then.
雖然菲兒很忙,她偶爾還是會(huì)給我發(fā)電子郵件.
We haven’t seen each other for years, but we chat online now and then.
我們已有很多年沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面了,但是我們有時(shí)會(huì)上網(wǎng)聊一聊.
2. There are many recipes for simple and healthy snacks that taste great and keep us going.
taste--tasty adj. 美味的
1).作行為動(dòng)詞 “品嘗”, “嘗味”
e.g. Taste the fish and tell me whether you like it or not.
嘗嘗這條魚(yú),告訴我你是否喜歡.
2).作系動(dòng)詞 “嘗起來(lái)…”, “有…味道”后接adj.作表語(yǔ)
e.g. This kind of food tastes good.
3).作名詞 “味道” “味覺(jué)” “興趣”
e.g. I’ve get a cold and so I have no taste. 我傷風(fēng)了,嘗不出味道.
She has a taste for foreign travel. 她有到外國(guó)旅游的愛(ài)好.
Modern art is not to everyone’s taste. 現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)不見(jiàn)得合所有人的口味.
注意: 類似的系動(dòng)詞還有:sound, look, small, feel這些系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),也不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí).
e.g. The music is sound wonderful.(F)
The music sound wonderful.
Unit 13 Exercises
一.選擇
1 .You must be strict with yourself_____.(B)
A. in the past B. in the future
C. ever since then D. in future
2. In you homework exercise you made ____(B)
twenty spelling mistakes.
A. plenty of B. as many as
C. so many as D. a lot of
3. She was not ____frightened; in fact, she was nearly frightened to death.(C)
A. a bit B. at all C. a little D. much
4. There are ____snow on the ground, if you go(C)
____fast, you will fall over.
A. too much; too much B. much too; much too
C. too much; much too D. much too; too much
5. This book ____a lot of important information.(A)
A. contains B. considers
C. suggests D. advises
6.---Are you coming to Jeff’s party?(D)
---I’m not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
7. We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve decided to _____it. It might be valuable.(A)
A. hold on to B. keep up with
C. turn to D. look after
8.---you don’t look very____. Are you ill?(B)
---No, I’m just a bit tired.
A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy
9.Allen had to call a taxi because the box was____ to carry all the way home.(A)
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy
C. heavy too much D. to heavy much
10. A left-luggage office is a place where bags ____ be left for a short time, especially at a
railway station.(B)
A. should B. can C. must D. will
11. We _______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.(C)
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
12. The food is ____fat, sugar and salt, so you must eat ______.(B)
A. rich in, much B. high in , little
C. poor in , less D. bad for, much
13.The doctor often advised my father _______.(A)
A. to stop smoking B. to stop to smoke
C. stops smoking D. stopped to smoke
14. The doctor advised the patient to take _____ in the open air.(A)
A. exercise B. exercises
C. medicine D. part
15. Be _____ for every eventuality if you go on a visit.(A)
A. well prepared B. well preparing
C. fully preparing D. very prepared
二.填空
1. I advised her ___ ___ ___ ___ it ___ ___.(not to think about ; any more)
(我建議她別再想那件事了.)
2. ____ (一旦) you’ve got fat, it’s very hard to ____ _____.(減肥) (once; lose weight)
3. You ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____. (今后更加小心) (should be more careful in future)
4. Ice cream is ____ ____(垃圾食品) because it has a lot of ___ ___ ____ (脂肪和糖), while vegetables are good because they ____ ____ ____ _____ .(含有許多維生素)
(junk food; fat and sugar; contain lots of vitamins )
5. Even if we choose ______ _____(營(yíng)養(yǎng)食物) for our main meals, we probably still need to ____ ____ ____ ____ .(不時(shí)的補(bǔ)充能量) (nutritious food; refuel now and then)