英語(yǔ)科技論文寫作的常用句式
導(dǎo)語(yǔ):英文科技論文寫作是進(jìn)行國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流必需的技能。那么它的寫作句式都有哪些?以下是小編為大家搜集的文章,歡迎大家閱讀與借鑒!
研究現(xiàn)狀模塊的常用句式
研究現(xiàn)狀模塊,主要闡述其他學(xué)者、也包括作者本人與論文要探討的問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象相關(guān)的研究工作,通常先“總”后“分”地陳述。研究現(xiàn)狀這部分的目的是引出存在的問(wèn)題。
“總述”常用一個(gè)句子概括相關(guān)的研究工作,一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
(1)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),常用researcher/author/investigator/writer等作主語(yǔ),如:Many/Several/A number of/Few researchers have studied/investigated/examined/explored/reported on/discussed/considered+研究主題.
(2)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),常用study/research/investigation/experiment/work/attention等作主語(yǔ)。如果描述“研究主題”的單詞少,那么“研究主題”可置于句中,如:Many studies/researches/investigationes/experimentes on+研究主題+have been performed/done/published.當(dāng)描述“研究主題”的單詞較多時(shí),可置于句末,如:Much work/attention has been performed/done/published on+研究主題.
用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),也可用“研究主題”作主語(yǔ),如:研究主題+has been studied/investigated/examined/explored/reported on/discussed/considered by many investigators/several researchers/a number of authors/few writers.又如:The study of+研究主題+has been widely reported/found/published in the literature.
“分述”是具體地介紹他人所做的相關(guān)研究成果。需要注意的是,這部分所列參考文獻(xiàn)要準(zhǔn)確、全面,不能堆積,更不能將每篇參考文獻(xiàn)的摘要抄一遍,而是要概括出與論文研究有關(guān)的要點(diǎn):
(1)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可用學(xué)者的姓氏作主語(yǔ)(下例中用somebody替代了學(xué)者的姓氏)。常采用過(guò)去時(shí)(也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))。值得一提的是,文獻(xiàn)[1]只總結(jié)了下述第一、二種句式,事實(shí)上,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)第三種句式比前兩種句式更常見(jiàn)得多:
第一種是主從復(fù)合句,如:Somebody showed/found/reported/noted/suggested/observed/pointed out+that從句。其中that從句是敘述somebody所做的具體研究成果。
第二種是并列兩個(gè)句子,第一句僅描述某位學(xué)者的研究活動(dòng),第二句才敘述其研究成果。如:Somebody studied/researched/investigated/explored/examined the effect of X on Y.He/They found+that從句.
第三種是簡(jiǎn)單句,直接介紹某學(xué)者的研究工作,如:Somebody investigated/has investigated+研究?jī)?nèi)容(+by/using X method)。當(dāng)依次介紹多位學(xué)者的研究工作時(shí),為避免單調(diào),可根據(jù)不同的研究?jī)?nèi)容輪換使用下述動(dòng)詞,如study,solve,seek,describe,predict,carry out,emply,develop,find,calculate,analyse,obtain,present,propose,report,account for,take into account,establish等.
(2)采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)單句,用研究?jī)?nèi)容作主語(yǔ)。如:研究?jī)?nèi)容+ was/has been investigated+by somebody using X method.
指出問(wèn)題模塊的常用句式
指出問(wèn)題模塊是在闡述和分析研究現(xiàn)狀之后,指出仍有某個(gè)(或某些)問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象值得進(jìn)一步研究,目的`是在“研究現(xiàn)狀”模塊與“研究目的或內(nèi)容”模塊之間起到承上啟下的作用,通常1—2個(gè)句子即可?梢杂 It should be mentioned that引導(dǎo),例如:It should be mentioned that in all references discussed above the foundation has been assumed to be linear in order to simplify the model.但更常見(jiàn)的是用However引出:
(1) 闡述“對(duì)于論文將要開(kāi)展的工作,已有文獻(xiàn)沒(méi)有考慮”時(shí),可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句式,如:However,論文中將要展開(kāi)的研究工作+have not been considered/have not been taken into account/have been ignored/have been neglected in the mentioned above studies/researches/works/investigations.
(2) 闡述“對(duì)于論文將要開(kāi)展的工作,已有文獻(xiàn)研究得較少”時(shí),可以使用形容詞rare,通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí),如:However,the literature/work/research/attention concerning+論文將要展開(kāi)的研究工作+is rare.但是,更常見(jiàn)的情況是:用 few,little 或 no 等修飾詞引出。用 little 或 no 來(lái)修飾 work,literature,research 及 attention 等不可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞,用 few 或 no 來(lái)修飾studies,papers,researchers 及 investigators 等可數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞;后面通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句式:However, few studies have been done on/few studies have been published on/few studies have reported on/few researchers have studied/little research has been devoted to/little attention has been paid to/little information has been published concerning/no work has been done on/no systematic research has been dedicated to+論文將要開(kāi)展的工作.
現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句式:However, little literature is available on/litile is known about/there is little literature available on+論文將要開(kāi)展的工作.
(3) 闡述“對(duì)于論文將要開(kāi)展的工作,已有文獻(xiàn)只探討了相對(duì)的工作”時(shí),用:However,all the researches/studies/inverstigations/works mentioned above+be limited to/be based on/be concemtrated on+相對(duì)工作。關(guān)于“相對(duì)工作”的含義,請(qǐng)參考下述三例理解。(i) ... are limited to the cases that ( the external load is moving on the horizonal beams).已有文獻(xiàn)只研究了水平梁課題,而論文中將要研究的是與之“相對(duì)”的傾斜梁(inclined beam)課題。(ii) ... are based on the assumption of ( vehicle/track symmetry in order to simplify the calculation).已有文獻(xiàn)只研究了車輛/軌道對(duì)稱課題,而論文將要研究的是與之“相對(duì)”的車輛/軌道不對(duì)稱(vehicle/track asymmetry ) 課題。(iii) ... are mainly concentrated on ( the forward problem,i.e.determination of the dynamic responses due to moving vehicle loads).已有文獻(xiàn)研究的課題是求解動(dòng)力響應(yīng),而論文將要研究的是與之相對(duì)的荷載識(shí)別(inverse problem,i.e.force identification from the dynamic response of the continuous bridge)課題。
研究目的或內(nèi)容模塊的常用句式
通常情況下作者在最后一段敘述論文的研究目的,概括性地介紹論文的研究?jī)?nèi)容。在敘述論文的研究目的或內(nèi)容時(shí),論文的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)(新的研究方法、或新的研究?jī)?nèi)容、或新的研究理論等)就會(huì)展示出來(lái)。為了使讀者清楚地知道作者自己的研究工作不同于所列文獻(xiàn)中的工作,這個(gè)模塊的首句常包含this paper/study/research/investigation 或 in this paper/study/research/investigation等詞語(yǔ)。
(1) 用現(xiàn)在時(shí)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句式,例如:This paper describes/presents/develops/proposes a new model/theory/method for+論文將要研究的主題.The objective/purpose/aim of this paper/study is to develop a new model/theory/method for+論文將要研究的主題.
(2) 用現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句式,如:In this paper,a general numerical analysis theory is presented, which is capable of solving... .又如:An asymmetrical vehicle/track dynamic model,which is a finite element time — domain model,is presented in this paper.
(3)如果論文是對(duì)已有研究工作的擴(kuò)展,可用下列包含 extension 或 extend 的句式。如:This paper call be regarded as all extension of the paper by somebody,as the latter laid the theortical foundation for the present study.又如:this paper extends the theoretical framework laid down by somebody for the analysis of+論文將要研究的主題.
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