關(guān)于詞語典故:Santa Claus圣誕老人
Words and Their Stories: Santa Claus
(MUSIC)
Santa Claus is someone who will remain in the hearts of children forever. He is the make-believe person who brings toys and other gifts to children at Christmas. To grown-ups, he is a special symbol of good will and selfless giving.
Santa Claus also has some other names: Saint Nicholas, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, Pelznickel.
Two of his names -- Santa Claus and Saint Nicholas -- both come from the Dutch who settled in New York long ago.
The Dutch believed Saint Nikolaas gave gifts to children. They honored this kindly saint with a yearly festival on December sixth. The English-speaking people who lived nearby greatly enjoyed Dutch festivals. And they brought the Saint and the custom of giving gifts into their own celebration at Christmas time.
The Dutch spoke the name "Saint Nikolaas" very fast. It sounded like "Sinterklaas." And so, when the English said this word, it sounded like Santa Claus.
West of New York, in Pennsylvania, many German farmers had also heard of Saint Nikolaas. But they called him Pelznickel. This word came from "pelz," meaning fur, and "nickel" for Nicholas. And so, to the Germans of Pennsylvania, Saint Nicholas or Pelznickel was a man dressed in fur who came once a year with gifts for good children.
Soon, people began to feel that the love and kindness Pelznickel brought should be part of a celebration honoring the Christkindl, as the Germans called the Christ child. After a time, this
became Kris Kringle. Later, Kris Kringle became another name for Santa Claus himself.
Whatever he is called, he is still the same short, fat, jolly old man with a long beard, wearing a red suit with white fur.
The picture of Santa Claus, as we see him, came from Thomas Nast. He was an American painter born in Bavaria. He painted pictures for Christmas poems. Someone asked him to paint a picture of Santa Claus.
Nast remembered when he was a little boy in southern Germany. Every Christmas, a fat old man gave toys and cakes to the children. So, when Nast painted the picture, his Santa Claus
looked like the kindly old man of his childhood. And through the years, Nast's painting has remained as the most popular picture Of Santa Claus.
Santa can be seen almost everywhere in large American cities during the Christmas season. Some stand on street corners asking for money to buy food and gifts for the needy. Others are found in stores and shopping centers.
It is easy to find them by the long lines of children waiting to tell Santa what they want for Christmas.
(MUSIC)
You have been listening to the VOA Special English program WORDS AND THEIR STORIES. Maurice Joyce was your narrator. I’m Shirley Griffith.
詞語典故:圣誕老人
Santa Claus(圣誕老人)將永遠(yuǎn)留在孩子們的心中。圣誕老人是虛幻的人物,在圣誕節(jié)給孩子們帶來玩具和其他禮物。對于成年人來說,他是親善和無私的特殊象征。
Santa Claus還有幾個其他名字:Saint Nicholas, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, Pelznickel.
其中兩個名字——Santa Claus和Saint Nicholas都來自許多年前來紐約定居的荷蘭人。
荷蘭人相信Saint Nicholas給孩子們帶來禮物。他們在一年一度的12月6日的節(jié)日敬奉這位偉大的圣人。居住在附近的講英語的人非常喜歡荷蘭人的節(jié)日。他們把圣誕老人和送禮物的習(xí)俗帶到了自己的圣誕節(jié)中。
荷蘭人說“Saint Nikolaas”這個名字的時候語速非?,聽上去像是"Sinterklaas." 所以,在英語中說這個詞的時候,聽上去像是Santa Claus。
在紐約西部的賓夕法尼亞,許多德國農(nóng)民也聽說了圣誕老人,但是他們叫做Pelznickel。這個詞語來自“pelz”,意思是皮毛,和“nickel”,意思是Nicholas(尼古拉斯)。所以,對于賓夕法尼亞的德國人來說,Saint Nicholas或者Pelznickel是一個穿著毛皮服飾的人,每年來一次,給好孩子分發(fā)禮物。
很快,人們開始感覺,Pelznickel帶來的愛和善意應(yīng)該在他們慶祝Christkindl時體現(xiàn)出來。Christkindl在德語中叫做Christ child。經(jīng)過一段時間之后,逐漸演變成Kris Kringle。隨后,Kris Kringle也成為圣誕老人的另外一個名字。
無論他被叫做什么名字,他仍然是那個矮矮胖胖,留著長胡子,穿著紅色外套,白色毛皮的快樂的老人。
我們看到的這張圣誕老人畫像來自Thomas Nast。他是一名美國油畫家,出生在巴伐利亞。他為一些圣誕詩歌創(chuàng)作了這些畫像。有人建議他畫一幅圣誕老人的畫像。
Nast孩提時代居住在德國南部。每個圣誕節(jié),一位胖胖的老人給孩子們分發(fā)玩具和蛋糕。所以,Nast畫這幅畫像的時候,他的圣誕老人看上去就是他童年時代那位善良的老人。多年來,Nast創(chuàng)作的畫像仍然是最受歡迎的圣誕老人畫像。
圣誕節(jié)期間,圣誕老人在美國的.大城市里隨處可見。一些人站在街道拐角處討錢,為那些貧困者購買食物和禮物。其他圣誕老人在商場或購物中心。
圣誕老人很容易找到:很多孩子排長隊告訴圣誕老人他們想要的圣誕禮物。
圣誕老人以一位神秘人物帶給小孩子們禮物的概念衍生自圣尼古拉。尼古拉是一位生活在4世紀(jì)小亞細(xì)亞的好心主教,荷蘭人在圣尼古拉斯節(jié)(12月6日)便會模仿他送禮物。
在北美洲,荷蘭和英國殖民者把這一傳統(tǒng)融入圣誕節(jié)日的慶祝里,荷蘭語的圣尼古拉(Sinterklaas)傳進(jìn)英語成為Santa Claus也就相應(yīng)的成為圣誕老人的人物了。在英籍美國人的傳統(tǒng)中,圣誕老人總是快活的在圣誕前夜乘著馴鹿拉的雪橇到來,他從煙囪爬進(jìn)屋內(nèi),留下給孩子們的禮物,并吃掉孩子們?yōu)樗粝碌氖澄。他在一年中的其他時間里,都是忙于制作禮物和監(jiān)督孩子們的行為。
圣尼古拉 法國與圣誕老人類似的形象是Père Noel,他和圣誕老人幾乎完全一樣,其紅白相間的衣服曾經(jīng)使可口可樂公司獲得靈感,在1930年代畫出了傳遍世界的圣誕老人形象。在一些文化中,圣誕老人身旁跟隨著Knecht Ruprecht,或是稱作“黑彼得”(荷文:Zwarte Piet)的家伙。一些版本中,玩具作坊里的侏儒制作了節(jié)日禮物,有時圣誕老人與圣誕夫人是夫妻。圣誕節(jié)期間,在美國的很多超市里,都有小孩可以向其要禮物的圣誕老人出現(xiàn)。
在冰島的傳說中,圣誕老人并不只一位,而是共有九位圣誕老人,各有不同的性格,有的調(diào)皮活潑,有的慈祥溫柔。
Thomas Nast 筆下的 Santa Claus 1863年1月3日,由 Harper's Weekly發(fā)行。在許多國家里,圣誕節(jié)前夕,孩子們會準(zhǔn)備好空的容器,以便圣誕老人可以裝進(jìn)一些小禮物,如玩具、糖果或水果。在美國, 孩子們圣誕夜會在壁爐上懸掛圣誕襪,因為圣誕老人說過要在圣誕前夜從煙囪下來把禮物放到襪子里。在其他國家,孩子們把空鞋放到戶外,以便圣誕老人可以在圣誕夜(或圣尼古拉斯節(jié)前夕的12月5日)送禮。
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