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ԿƮI(y)Փ

rg2023-05-03 19:51:35 Փ ҪͶ
  • P(gun)]

ԿƮI(y)Փģͨ7ƪ

oֳ䌍ĴWY(ji)Ҷ֪I(y)Ҫͨ^I(y)ՓI(y)ՓһNӋ^Ҏ(gu)ęzWWɹʽI(y)ՓđԓôСԿƮI(y)Փgӭxcղ

ԿƮI(y)Փģͨ7ƪ

ԿƮI(y)Փ ƪ1

[ժ Ҫ]ˎˎǃɂĸˎͨ^MķʽM뵽҇Ԯǰ҂Ҳ(jng)ʹ@Nffˎҕˎǰ҇ˎȫˎP(gun)ՓҲڲͰl(f)չ

҇Ҳ_ʼоܶˎ@ʹ҇Ҳ߂ˎ@ӵr҇t(y)ˎWl(f)չøӵȫ҇t(y)˜I(y)Ҳ@һ^Ы@øõİl(f)չC

Č҇ˎƺa(chn)MP(gun)оԹͽb

[P(gun)I~]ˎ ˎO g(sh)ˇ (jng)ָ l(f)չ

t(y)ˎʹ֮ʬF(xin)õίЧͬrҊЧٶҲ죬mȻܶˎ܏ĸί܉õľ⻼wϵIJʹ@Ҳ黼ߺڵίȡ˸ĕrgҲ(chung)˸õėlˎίԲYdzõЧڮǰ҇ĺܶ໼ߌˎه̶ѽ(jng)hh^ˎˎ҇t(y)WҲռ(j)ԽԽҪĵλ҇ˎо^ѽ(jng)˺ܴM@Ҳ҇ˎİl(f)չṩõĻA

҇ˎƂļg(sh)͹ˇҲ˷dz@M

1҇ˎˎO

ˎOˎa(chn)^һ^AҪ@ˎˎȡзdzͬһcҲfֻҪOˎȡ|(zh)ˮƽěQ҇ˎl(f)չЌˎOܺ|(zh)MЇĿƣ҇GMP֮҇ˎȡИI(y)Ҳ˷dzõİl(f)չ@ڌ@˜֮ˎƷƂĿƾ͸ӵćڹ^ҲעҎ(gu)O̖ҲʮҪ磬еOʹõ^жҪ(jng)^dzϴ@ӲܸõıCˎƷa(chn)l(wi)Ͱȫ

⣬ˎOҪ߂ܺõIJ̲Ҫ^ڏsھS޺ͱB(yng)Ҳԓзdzõıԣ@ӾͿԺܺõıȡ?sh)ķF(xin)dzصĺʹܱ^õˎȡO߀ЧĹ(ji)sˎYԴh(hun)ؓӰҲСһЩ

@Ҳˎȡ^БԓעһʮҪĆ}

xˎˎO^ҪܶضԳֵĿ]CܝMGMPP(gun)Ҫͬr߀ҪO^ԼMмęz飬߀Ҫ书MЙzyCڸ涼܉ܺõĝMˎƷa(chn)P(gun)˜ʺҪͬˎƷa(chn)^ЌˎƷa(chn)OҲdzͬҪˎa(chn)Ƃ^оҪ(j)ͬҪxmOͬr߀Ҫ(j)P(gun)Ę˜ʺҪxCЧߵO@ӲܸõwF(xin)ˎM

2҇ˎˎļg(sh)ˇ

ǰ҇ĿƼˮƽ˺ܴߣͬr҇ˎȡg(sh)Ҳзdz@ͬr҇ĺܶ༼g(sh)߀ڲ

ǰ҇ˎˎg(sh)ڹ˾܇gĴh(hun)a(chn)ڌHa(chn)ҲҪˎg(sh)͹ˇҲǹ˾P(gun)g(sh)܇gM϶ɵ

2.1 ˾ˇg(sh)

˾ˇg(sh)ҪǷ˸܇ga(chn)Ʒ|(zh)g(sh)(jng)ָ˺ͼg(sh)MչrҳҪìܺͱh(hun)(ji)QkY(ji)Ҏ(gu)ԵĽ(jng)ָȫ˾a(chn)g(sh)

ˇg(sh)a(chn)O(jin)g(sh)ؓ؟Cϣͬ|(zh)a(chn)܇g헼g(sh)ָrȫÿ()M܇gP(gun)Tˇg(sh)ˆT_һηӛ䛂

2.2 ܇gˇg(sh)

܇gˇg(sh)ҪǿY(ji)g(sh)(jng)ָڅݺԭ򣬙zĴʩ͡UMrЧ܇gнQkʩҪ˾MQa(chn)g(sh)P(gun)I}

܇gg(sh)܇gˇg(sh)(ˇg(sh)T)ؓ؟Cϣ܇gg(sh)(jng)|(zh)rMзrȡ'QʩMͱCa(chn)ķ(wn)ͼg(sh)IJMÿĩMMLͼg(sh)OȹˆT_һηӛ䛂

3g(sh)(jng)ָ˵ľ_Ϳ

3.1 g(sh)(jng)ָ˵ľ_

ɼg(sh)ĽY(ji)ϱ˾a(chn)g(sh)MˮƽͽČHr^Mĸa(chn)Ʒ(jng)Ӌָ(jng)a(chn)O(jin)ɹ˾_܇gP(gun)҈(zh)С

g(sh)đKȫ˾g(sh)(jng)ָrg(sh)Ya(chn)O(jin)ͬr͸a(chn)܇gؔƄӺͼӏˇg(sh)ָ

3.2 g(sh)(jng)ָ˵Ŀ

Mˎȡ^ȡЧĴʩg(sh)ָ˺ͽ(jng)ָMзͿһزٵĭh(hun)(ji)@һh(hun)(ji)I(y)@øߵĽ(jng)ЧdzҪԹ˾ؔչˆTҪڌ܇gČHMЙzͿˣͬr߀Ҫ(j)܇gČHrȡЧĴʩMЪߑP@N߸܇gĹeOʮҪxͬr@һ^Ҳ˹˂ĹЧI(y)˸ߵĽ(jng)Ч档

3.3 ͬƷNS֮gļg(sh)(jng)ָ˷

g(sh)đŬcʡ(ni)ͬƷNͬa(chn)S֮g()ļg(sh)(jng)ָrYϷӣY(ji)(jng)WMJRsĿˣ߱˾g(sh)(jng)ָMˮƽ

ͬƷNS֮gļg(sh)(jng)ָ˷cg(sh)ӽY(ji)һM

4҇ˎˎg(sh)l(f)չ

ˎˎg(sh)İl(f)չzWȌWƼg(sh)_ذl(f)չˎˎg(sh)߀\g(sh)Mˎ

t(y)ˎg(sh)Ҳδ҇ˎˎg(sh)l(f)չҪ

\g(sh)Mt(y)ˎܺõĽQˎˎеļc}Ҳʹa(chn)w܉ķʽμίЧѡ

t(y)ˎg(sh)Mˎаl(f)ca(chn)Ҳڜp٭h(hun)ȾoȻB(ti)ҪƄx҇ɳm(x)l(f)չ(zhn)еP(gun)l(f)չԭt

ͬrN¼g(sh)ijF(xin)ˎ_l(f)

ӋCģMͷӈD̎g(sh)(ԭ@΢R|(zh)ֹx͒̽y@΢R)Y(ji)Ͽ^m(x)OӋضԵķӵɞˎоˎOӋĵ

ˎcʹԓˎϵy(tng)໥õģMˎЧˎﰲȫɞԽԽõĹ

ЩҪˎ̵İl(f)չõǰδеMǾwl(f)չF(xin)߀

ڽЩNˎﰲȫ}rаl(f)oˎИI(y)İl(f)չ(zhn)ͬrҲɞoˎˇṩµęC

Ŀǰ(ni)ƳĸNֻҪߺm҇ˎИI(y)İl(f)չ@ʹИI(y)ӭ˰l(f)չ™C

ˎȡˇУ҇OӋg(sh)ԼO䶼õMһusСc֮gIJ࣬҇ˎ̵İl(f)չˈԌՓA

5Y(ji)Z

֮҇ˎđcо^ܸNصƣl(f)չˮƽ߀cMˮƽ

܉҇ˎa(chn)g(sh)ˇˮƽ҂Ҫӏ⣬߀ԓĸMˎOüg(sh)(jng)ָ˵ľƣl(f)չƼˎa(chn)ˮƽĶCˎˎ|(zh)M҇ˎa(chn)a(chn)I(y)õİl(f)չ

īI

[1] Ah.\P(gun)ˎOĹ[J].ƼYӍ.2006(07).

[2] K.ˎȫ]a(chn)ϵy(tng)̽ӑ[J].ƼϢ.2009(24).

ԿƮI(y)Փ ƪ2

ָһM^MеĸNMf(xi){(dio)O(jin)ȻӵĿQ҂ͨ^Փāw˽һ

ժҪ˜I(y)λҪ΄ɇҙCP(gun)ĹͰl(f)չ˜I(y)˜I(y)λă(ni)ָҪͨ^ӋÕӋϢ˜I(y)λ헻Mеָ{(dio)(ji)sʹMȻ,˜I(y)λĹЧʺЧʡ˜I(y)λ˜I(y)λƃ(ni)Ӌƶӏ(ni)ӋO(jin)ؔLUoYa(chn)YİȫЧʹ@ȞкҪĿǰ҇˜I(y)λ(ni)ӋƺLUwϵT}

P(gun)I~˜I(y),(ni),LU

(ni)ƶǬF(xin)ՓҪMɲdžλ˱CϢ|(zh)挍ɿo(jng)IYa(chn)ȫ߽(jng)IЧMɡҎ(gu)܉õЧѭɆλӼTͬO(jin)ʩһ(qun)؟ƺӑB(ti)MĹ^˜I(y)λă(ni)һ헲ꐳ¡ضhĹ(ni)ǷîֱӰ푵˜I(y)λĹЧʺЧʣǬF(xin)(jng)IҪֶ˜I(y)λ(ni)ƵĻĿǴ_˜I(y)λYİȫ\YʹЧφλĺϷҎ(gu)Ya(chn)ȫؔՈ漰P(gun)Ϣ挍

һ(ni)Ƶc

˜I(y)λ(ni)ƶȽOԽ(jng)ЧǰᣬԷչĿˁOӋͽO(ni)ƶ˜I(y)λĽMY(ji)(gu)TOášܙ(qun)޵ȕܵƶȺҎ(gu)ļs(ni)ƶȽOĿgI(y)fҪС˜I(y)λYԴYY(ji)(gu)Ӌ̎ȷcI(y)ܴą^(q)e(ni)ƶȽOă(ni)

˜I(y)λ(ni)ƵĬF(xin)

1(ni)R(ni)Rǃ(ni)h(hun)еһҪ(ni)ݣõă(ni)RǴ_(ni)ƶȵԽȫ͌ʩҪCЩe`J飬(ni)ƶȾǽ]JR(ni)ƶһNI(y)\^Эh(hun)h(hun)۵ĄӑB(ti)O(jin)CƣҲ]RߺP(gun)I(y)ղTڃ(ni)^БГš؟HHу(ni)Ʈϼ¼ĹֶеĆλƶ(ni)ƶȕrճհø\hЌHǸ(j)λF(xin)ڵČHS߾͵ͣڬF(xin)(ni)ƶȸ𲻵ԓе

2(ni)ƶȲȫֹ҇߀ȱһ׌˜I(y)λ֮Чă(ni)ָҎ(gu)Ҳ˜I(y)λY(ji)I(y)c͕rg(jng)оOӋһϵy(tng)Ҏ(gu)ă(ni)ƶwϵHϴ󲿷˜I(y)λ]Еĵă(ni)ƶȣֻһؔ(jng)Ҏ(gu)ƶȴ(ni)ƶ{(jng)ԺοƣH_֧˜ʼƣI(y)̿^ںF(xin)}rȱy(tng)һҎ(gu)̎(j)͘˜

3ӋA(j)҇ӋҎ(gu)•ӋˆTȡÕӋĘI(y)YCΆλӋC(gu)ؓ؟˵ģ@ÕӋĘI(y)YC߀횾߂ӋόI(y)g(sh)šY•Ӌ3Ͻ(jng)vȻĿǰ҇e˜I(y)λؔչֻɲ߂AӋ֪RkˆT֪ؔR͌I(y)܅TI(y)|(zh)^`ؔ(jng)Ҏ(gu)``oОȱe;ܽ^@ЩλؔˆT߀m(ni)ƵҪɆλ(ni)ƶȈ(zh)(ni)Ч^

4ASTAĸMAƵõһ̶ȼӏ^ҪF(xin)飺һA㾎߀^ֲڡĿǰTAľһԸ(j)ؔr֧Aλc͘I(y)Mк˶󲿷ֶ߀]мwĿA֧_PMк˶ҪA㄂ԲAӋƌWԲA{(dio)׷^lYʹȱAҊAļs

5O(jin)˙CƲλ(ni)Ӌǃ(ni)ƶһɻȱҪMɲҲnjF(xin)(ni)Ŀ˵ҪֶΡmȻĿǰ󲿷λԼă(ni)ӋT(ni)ӋˆTһؔˆT]н_čλ؟ȱһĪؔӋTҪıO(jin)C(gu)O(jin)CƲO(jin)Hͣһ㽛(jng)헵ıO(jin)ϣȱӋλă(ni)ƶǷȫMЧıO(jin)Ϳu@һ̶Ӱ˜I(y)λ(ni)ƶwϵơ

6̶Ya(chn)^ஔ˜I(y)λδҎ(gu)ؔa(chn)PcƶُõĹ̶Ya(chn)δܼrӛ~δҎ(gu)ӛ̶Ya(chn)~͌│ƬYa(chn)؟β_Ya(chn)̎ó򡢌(qun)޺؟β_O׌Ya(chn)~Ya(chn)ʧ~Ya(chn)Ҳrаl(f)

ӏ˜I(y)(ni)ƵĴʩ

ᘌ˜I(y)λڵă(ni)ƵIJԓքeԸMքeǣ(ni)Rȫ(ni)ƶÕӋAƲTAƶӏ(ni)ӋO(jin)Ϳˡwʩ£

1աӋ͡(ni)ӋƻҎ(gu)Ҏ(gu)λؓ؟džλؔcӋĵһ؟wλؔՕӋ挍Լ(ni)ƶȵĺЧؓҪ؟ͨ^ؔTMλؓ؟MӖWԼλؔղTճmrȶNʽʹλؓ؟_ؔՕӋ̓(ni)ƶȽOġһ؟wRҕ(ni)ӋƶȽO(chung)õă(ni)ƭh(hun)

2AYܸcM֧NԼe`ce`֧ļmȵȽ(jng)ӵȷ_λԿصcĿˣOĽMY(ji)(gu)_JP(gun)ŚܺP(gun)ϵÿM؟Ι(qun)_ڙ(qun)ͷ؟εķOˣҕڙ(qun)؟ελ؟(qun)ȣӽMĿRӏλ(ni)ƶȣȫڙ(qun)ʿƺšշxƶھwI(y)շֹϣһTһһ험I(y)յȫ^TˆTcc֮㕽ӵIJTԄӵ،ǰɹ_MЙz

3Գֲš໥x_ݙC(gu)͍λ֮gȫ؟໥Ƽs໥O(jin)ĶAl(f)e`ͱ׶ˣδȻԱCӋӛ䛵挍cJץÕӋAҎ(gu)ʹӋI(y)̎Ҏ(gu)˜ʻӋm(x)cš؟ĬF(xin)l(f)ǽƵ`Ӌ̎򡣰ՕӋ̎ĕӋĿOáӋ{CČ˂fӋķӋ~Ocӛ~Ҫȃ(ni)ͨ^Ӌ̎m(x)ƺ͏ͺ˿Ƶȴʩ_ӋϢ挍ԡrԺLJ(ni)ˌƶɵĽ(jng)I(y)ӛMЏͲˌǏ(ni)ƶȵһ헻ʩǿӛʹ_ɿҪӋͲˌҪA㡢(jng)I(y)յĺϷӋYϵĺϷ挍Ժؔa(chn)YȫԵȷԿ

4ƲTAƶҪMһUTAķTλȫ֧ؔ헾{벿TAČʩA{(dio)׷ӳ̶ȣnjTAcλ(ni)؟AЙCY(ji)AλҪRƶkƼwОİl(f)ץÌYʹú͹ؔڙ(qun)֧YĹؔYʹЧʵȡؔYŲÌYŲÌYSAԼռСƉļwYa(chn)ԼؔwƸĸҪՈʹؔYȆ}ҪԽQ

5˜I(y)λҪ߃(ni)ӋC(gu)Ӵ(qun)Ժͪ(ni)λMи헌Ӌλă(ni)ƶOӋЧ䌍ʩЧ̶url(f)F(xin)}rmؔƶȽȫӋҎ(gu)(ni)ӋˆTҪ|(zh)ӋI(y)|(zh)ӋҎ(gu)|(zh)Rӏۙ䌍ӋQӋҊͨ^(ni)Ӌӏ(ni)Ӌ߆λ헹ˮƽ

LUɓpʧͻy(tng)ܕӋλLUǕӋLUҪ(ni)ݡ҂r̰ѷLUλJRLURҪЧLUwϵЧԓӋλIJLU˼ӏ˜I(y)λؔչҎ(gu)֧О飬͸֧ؔؔYʹЧĿǰȫ󲿷ֵ؅^(q)˜I(y)λ˕Ӌк˜I(y)λЕӋкҪˮI(y)ƺͶˍMƃɷNI(y)ղģʽ

Y(ji)Փ

˜I(y)λӋLUıF(xin)ʽNӣɵԭҲஔs˜I(y)λӋLUҪF(xin)Žׂ棺h(hun)(ji)cY(ji)h(hun)(ji)LUؔս(jng)IcQh(hun)(ji)LUƶcT|(zh)LUcwLUC˜I(y)λӋLUķNNF(xin)ʽ˜I(y)λӋLUŽׂ֣ĸF(xin)зɢ͵ĕӋwµļ(qun)͕Ӌwϵλ(ni)ƶȺⲿO(jin)CƽOƕӋϢ¶ƶ.ߕӋϢ¶|(zh)Ӵ󌦆T|(zh)ĽӖ

īI

1 . I(y)(ni)Փc̽ӑ[J]. (jng)cƼ,2013,14:53-54.

2 IJ. I(y)Ӌ(ni)Ɯ\[J]. Ƽ(chung)c,2013,24:256.

3 ־,S־ϼ. ̘҇I(y)yЃ(ni)ƈ(zh)Ӱ،Cо[J]. ڱO(jin)о,2012,08:86-110.

4 ,ʢir,s. ӱʡй˾(ni)Ϣ¶F(xin)ch[J]. I(y)(jng),2012,10:169-172.

5 . ՓI(y)(ni)ƵLUC[J]. I(y)(jng),2012,03:52-55.

ԿƮI(y)Փ ƪ3

һRψԳˎWY(ji)ϵķ

ˎMʹõ^̮У{(dio)ǸNˎﰴվʹP(gun)ϵ֮gĹЧwP(gun)ϵǷdz_׌̎ͻߙCw"C"a(chn)޶ȵİl(f)]ίˎڌMrʹǻW|(zh)MбAԻܽȵȵ;ڌЧԼʹҎ(gu)ɵı棬tԬF(xin)ƌWAͨ^t(y)ˎWg(sh)Z_Ŀĵָ˷Ѫָ˵İѪָ࣬˷D(zhun)ø½ȵˎ֮ˎoՓچΪʹûʹõ^ЌڻߵęCwڸ헌ָ׃܏ᘌ؄eMʹõĕr򣬸Nˎ֮gP(gun)“(lin)wԛ]ˎ̎ǘӵ@@Ny(tng)һԵIJeQR挦ڃߵĽY(ji)φ}ҪM̽ӑDz܉Y(ji)ʹ@Ҫ@֮gDzǴһͬĻA

(jng)^˲R̽҂J@ͬAǴڵġҪıF(xin):|(zh)A:oՓˎ߀ˎȻĮa(chn)Լ˹ϳɮa(chn)ķքe;ҲwԼą^(q)eڱ|(zh)ρfĽMɲֶǻӣ@ҲfˎڙCwl(f)]܉ίЧС|(zh)Ԫǻ@Щ܉džһķNҲ܉ǶN໥ϰl(f)]õ;ԻA:oՓˎ߀ˎRҪÌ˵wͨ^ߵęCwxMаl(f)ӰMڌߵԼȶ෽ĠrMи׃K_ίá

@ǶȁM˼ˎWˎܡЧԼʹҎ(gu)䌍܉ͨ^ͬg(sh)ZMб_ͨ^RĽ(jng)׌܉_ĽY(ji)Ͻy(tng)һmȻɷNt(y)ˎWՓwϵˎˎҎ(gu)ɿܴ.e䌍Rѽ(jng)l(f)˺LĕrgǾǃɂNˎͬrһߵRһЩԃˎMȻoMί;еt(y)߀t(y)ɂt(y)քeõ̎ȻһͬʹáˎĺҪMДԒt(y)Ľ(jng)Ҫt(y)ˎWY(ji)֮P(gun)˜ʁ

ˎWY(ji)Ҫt(y)W繤ߵĹͬŬ

҂֪ˎWĽY(ji)߀нy(tng)һҪՓA߀кă(ni)t(y)ˎWՓԼˎWĻ(ni)Փ䌍@ѽ(jng)õCҪRβ܉õČ䑪mȻǰҲвt(y)ԺR治Čt(y)ˎWĽY(ji)M̽@@ȻҪ(jng)^L̽`܉õ_@ӵĿʹt(y)ˎW܉õl(f)չƣԓRᳫˎWǶWƵĹߵˎԼˎY(ji)ϵI(lng)Mоt(y)ˎWĽY(ji)߀нy(tng)һ^̮t(y)ˎWՓָt(y)ˎWft(y)ˎWY(ji)wϵõһ@t(y)ˎWԼWƵĹо^ҪJR_һ£a(chn)Ҫ]Լu[ڑt(y)ˎWRеĕr򣬑ԓ@Wڵă(yu)߀ȱͬr֪RY(ji)(gu)ڵIJҲҪJR

Y(ji)Z

Rõĕrɴt(y)W֮gă(yu)ԼȱcҪ𵽻MaáһΕrg֮ˎWĬF(xin)ƌWMԽԽˎW֮gĽY(ji)ҲиõںϲE֮gĽY(ji)Ϻͽy(tng)һԽԽڑõĕrҪ҂עt(y)ˎWԬF(xin)ĿƌW鱾ՓAt(y)ˎWڬF(xin)ƌWѽ(jng)ȫõwF(xin)ҪȫČF(xin)t(y)ˎĬF(xin)ƌWHHt(y)ˎWP(gun)֪R߀мg(sh)MDzF(xin)ԓҪ޶ȵîǰĶTW֪RͬMt(y)ˎWĽY(ji)ʹ֮Rđ܉ӵ

ԿƮI(y)Փ ƪ4

t(y)WTn̽̌Wĸ

ժҪ:M̥Wnt(y)WI(y)ĻAṇňՓn̵o÷dzҪоҪ^(q)eڂy(tng)Č̌WģʽĽ̎W̌Wֶ˷ʽȷMЌn̵ĸĸͨ^ĸߌWWdȤcͬrڽM̥WĽMY(ji)(gu)܉и˽⡣

P(gun)I~:t(y)W;;n;̌W;ĸ;M̥W

t(y)WTČncĿČn̲ͬҪõw˱M̥WDŽt(y)WI(y)ҪI(y)AnҪΑB(ti)Wn֮һDŽʌWă(ni)ڽ̌W^УͨՓn̺͌`ñɲͨ^Փn̵vʹWÿٽMΑB(ti)գn̄tnjՓnWă(ni)MͨČn̶Փn̵oM̥WnһT`|(zh)܏nňW֪RշdzҪͬrM̥W΢^ΑB(ti)W(sh)ĸǏľwĽMΑB(ti)ͽY(ji)(gu)г̫מWͽܣ@ҪMWČnҪOӋ`̌WWӛ͌WȌWЧ

1y(tng)ĽM̥W̌Wʽ

y(tng)Č̌WģʽͨԽ̎{(dio)̎λԽ̎vڞW^oWս̎ҪMЌn̵ČWڽ̎vһn̵Ľ̌W(ni)̌WҪɌWʹ@΢RMƬ˱^@ŇWʽ麆Ҳ鳣õ@ŇWܳ{(dio)ӌWğͷeOWˮһ̎Ҫ^Ƭͨ^^^쵽Ƭ˱Ĵ½Y(ji)(gu)ڼMLDLD󌢽Y(ji)o̎z@NģʽWֻDZӵذս̎ʾָ͌ă(ni)ɺf^쵽Ę˱{(dio)ӌW^܄Ժ͌W̎Wn̵cKֻͨ^WύLDД@N½̎(j)WLDrMe`ДՓn̵ʮֲġ

2ĸnģʽӏ`B(yng)

ᘌڂy(tng)ĽM̥W̌Wʽı׶ͬrN˲|(zh)B(yng)ĸҪ͌˲B(yng)|(zh)ߵҪ1Όn̽̌Wĸoo@ߌWĄ`Ҫ󣬌̌Wĸ(ni)ݰŽׂ

21nOøĸ

M̥WΑB(ti)J֪ṇՓ̌W͌`̌WҪnһӣՓňWr`ňWr٣n̵Dz`n̽̌WTn̵Ľ̌W|(zh)ȞҪ;ˣԴ^nO÷͑{(dio)Փn̺͌n̵ıߌn̵nr(sh)Ч^ֻҪFĥᘡ{(dio)nr(sh)Чġ

22Ľָ̎ĸ

̎nõҪԁfӹɵMn̽̌WĸҪĽ̎{(dio)ӽ̎ķeOl(f)]̎^܄R̎Ìn̸ĸfȞҪĽ̎Ҫ̎nҪ@Щ֪Rͨ^Nӵ;oWʹW܉ܲ⣬a(chn)ČWdȤWa(chn)dȤȻ(j)ԼdȤȥWȥھĶ_Ҫȥ̎ҪnӋҪWMnǰAՓnM֪MеĘ˱^Щ(ni)?wΑB(ti)Y(ji)(gu)ӵ?ЩԵĽY(ji)(gu)?@ЩnrMᆖĶ֪WǷMAՓ̶Ρ@ӾͱnĕrҪռһ֌WrWvn(ni)ݼMв˱ƬӵҪΑB(ti)Y(ji)(gu)ʲôȵWյĿ϶ҪȽ̎VӡҲʹWa(chn)ه2ݡĽ̎߀ҪnϽ̎ҪWMSָF(xin)̎һƬӽoWWԼҽ̎ҲrWָһҪwF(xin)ָԼWŒWȫه̎ҕߌ򞼼ՄՓ֪R⡣Ľ̎Ҫ̎ҪWMЇҪ̎Ҫ󣬕ɌWҕnJ錍n̿пɟoɌWՓp`ץÌW˼D(zhun)׃Ǹ

23ČWָĸ

̎n̜ʂٳֶ֣ʽٶҲҪЌWϡČWҪČW˼ČW^Џص׸׃Փp`˼׌W˽M̥WnһT`Ժ܏nͨ^nM얹̣tՓ֪wĽY(ji)(gu)ʲôӵvĤĽY(ji)(gu)rfɰAһͨ^R^죬ȫ@Ԓ˼ʲôɴˌW֪ԌňՓo_dzҪ׌W˽ƽrWԇrͻrڽM̥WnвͨġֻҪW˼ҕˣټϽ̎'ֶָλ̌WWĄֲȻMn̽̌Wˡ

24ֶλ̌Wĸ

F(xin)ڵČW^Ϣըĕr̎vĸ֪Rʴ_cWְ̾̈́ٶʹԭʼnʽݱ؛]ʹ׌WͬrM̥WnдڴĈDƬҪ׌W˽3ˣڽM̥WČnбҪʹìF(xin)ļg(sh)ֶSӋCռýw̌Wձ鱻@ڽM̥WfǸ̎ҪʹͶӰLMЈDƬv(ji)ʡ˴rgͬrýw̌W߀ʹ•Ӯֶ΁ӑB(ti)ʾWӛڌnʹ˾W(wng)jƽ_oÿСMһ_Xͬr̎Xƽ_ÿ(ji)n漰ƬһPPTWWnĕrͨ^Sr醻ßƬҳƬĽY(ji)(gu)c΢ȺЌW΢Ⱥ̎Ⱥ(ni)l(f)һЩMDƬ֪WĂMģɌW(j)Փ֪R̿ƕԼW(wng)jͬӑՓMDƬĽY(ji)(gu)Ҫr̎oһЩ𰸣óY(ji)ՓfДĽY(ji)@NӑՓʽͲHHnϣǿSrSMF(xin)ڵČW׺ǡCx֡Ҵ˷NȤζԏˌWcȸЧ^

25Ŀ˷ʽϸĸ

y(tng)Ŀ˷ʽҪһʽMЌn̿@NʽȫӳW挍r;ˣ˷ʽ횸׃ȣ׃n̼nn̳ɿռĞռɿ40%ҪW˽⼰ҕM̥WncnWãݱӰ푿wijɿΣһÈ沢ȡúõijɿ̎Ŀ˷ʽɽ̎ĞWƬLƬĻΑB(ti)ȡһһĿ˷ʽԿԇ͈Y(ji)ϵķʽQWČnɿڴ^н̎܉˽WwrͬrҲ֪ÿλWrmȻ@ӕӽ̎I(y)ĹWn̵ҕ̶ͬrͨ^{(dio)W˷ʽ^ƳԭDZеČW֪Rue˵Ĉȡñ^ߵķ֔(sh)

3Y(ji)Z

CڽM̥WĽ̌W^(j)@Tnn|(zh)ڌn̟oՓǽ̎߀njWԓoҕͨ^n̵ČWWՓn̵MߌWľCόW4

īI:

1x,,ʩl(wi),ȣȫt(y)B(yng)ģʽĬF(xin)c˼JݣЇߵt(y)W,2002(1):2831

2݄ԷӑՓʽ̌WՓ͌`JݣA(̌W̽),2007(Z2):4041

3ݴt,,,ȣAt(y)W̌WĸB(yng)WЄ(chung)JݣЇߵt(y)W,2007(1):9596

4콡ƽ,ϼӿt(y)W̌WĸĽhJݣt(y)WԺW,2008,14(4):484,486

ԿƮI(y)Փ ƪ5

һӋϢ

ӋϢ:njӋϢYԴӋCg(sh)cW(wng)jϢg(sh)I(y)İl(f)չ(jng)IԼ(jng)\еȸṩ㡢ЧϢI(y)ӋcϢg(sh)Y(ji)ϵĮa(chn)I(y)F(xin)Ϣl(f)չҪMɲ

҇I(y)ӋϢİl(f)չF(xin)Լ}

(һ)l(f)չF(xin)

SϢg(sh)cӋCg(sh)Ŀٰl(f)չcV\ã҇I(y)ӋϢҲõˏV\cƏVڌHl(f)չ^ڸصӰӋϢ҇I(y)аl(f)չٶȾMչ@ͬrڇI(y)ϢܛĉŔО߼AεĕӋϢϵy(tng)҇I(y)δõVƏV߼AεϢϵy(tng)ƣ\ЧȱЧӋ(jng)Ӱ푣҇I(y)ӋϢO̎ڳAϢϵy(tng)ϢcW(wng)ðl(f)]к܏ľԡ

()چ}

1ӋϢȱJ֪

Ŀǰ҇SI(y)ӋϢJ֪ȫ棬Ӌ㻯cӋϢһՄI(y)ڕӋϢĽO^F(xin)ӲOȱϢܛ\c_l(f)Јl(f)(jng)ٰl(f)չı£еI(y)ѽ(jng)RӋϢȻɞI(y)Ϣcl(f)չҪeOOӋϢϵy(tng)I(y)ĹcؔP(gun)TӋϢ\δֵܳգ\^ϵy(tng)Чδܵõְl(f)]

2ȱϢg(sh)˲

҇Փp`Ľ̌Wʽ҇ӋˆTϢg(sh)ćȱʧͬrȱؔϢYԴMҎ(gu)ϵķڹ^I(y)ȱӋˆTľCӖʹϢϵy(tng)ȱSoڰȫ[;Ϣ̶^ȱӋϢϣϢYԴò

3ӋϢȫȱЧ

ӋCg(sh)F(xin)Ϣg(sh)cy(tng)Ӌ`Y(ji)ӋϢ_cԵc˴İȫ[I(y)ĕӋϢױːй¶ȡ;ӋϢĂݔc惦y䰲ȫԡ挍ɿԣ@ЩoɕI(y)l(f)չɇصӰ

4ȱƵĹϵy(tng)

SI(y)ڽӋϢǞMкy(tng)һҎ(gu)I(y)ĕӋϢϵy(tng)cI(y)ϵy(tng)ķxI(y)ϢȱЧP(gun)“(lin)ԣܼr˽cĶI(y)ěQcMһl(f)չͬrϢϵy(tng)ķxI(y)ӋϢϵy(tng)cI(y)a(chn)NMЧBӣ(sh)(j)ϢòrđڹĶKI(y)ϢMһl(f)չ

(yu)ӋϢOP(gun)

(һ)J֪ӋϢ

ڮǰĕr£ӋϢrI(y)l(f)չęC(zhn)ˣI(y)(ni)oՓI(y)߀ǕӋҪߌӋϢJ֪ӋϢM협l(f)չڅcЈl(f)չҪĶI(y)ĕӋϢˮƽI(y)ҪJRӋϢI(y)ϢƄӏI(y)I(lng)cؔչߵָM䌦QJϢJ֪MI(y)ĕӋϢOI(y)ӋˆTؔղTҪMɲI(y)QߵҪӰˣI(y)ĕӋҪӋϢMȫ˽գMõąf(xi){(dio)ϕӋϢMI(y)ӋϢOƄI(y)ϢMI(y)Ľ(jng)Ocl(f)չ

()˲B(yng)

I(y)ӋȥҲ(jng)l(f)չҪQءI(y)ҪӏӋ˲ŵB(yng)ӏՓӖӋˆTČI(y)Փ֪RcI(y)Ķ䌣I(y)Cͬrӏ˼ν_չ˼cv䌍Ӌߵ˼棬RĶӋߵľC|(zh)γõšI(y)|(zh)cB(yng)_ӋMcӋϢİȫ挍ɿҷ棬ҪӴĸӏͶYӋI(y)nOMк{(dio);ӏЈ{(dio)У탞(yu)̌WĿčW(ni)ͬrӏУƏVWṩČHƽ_B(yng)WČHĶB(yng)һҪI(y)c(jng)l(f)չďͺ͕ӋI(y)˲

()Ϣȫ

ӋϢȫI(y)l(f)չP(gun)II(y)ҪӏӋϢϵy(tng)аȫoϵy(tng)ĽÌƹ_ϢߡʹߵϢʹðȫ;Ϣ_ӋϢȫ;I(y)ĕӋϢMмr̎ڙz顢ֹӋC©ΣP(gun)TҪӏP(gun)ɷҎ(gu)ƶcƹͨ^ɁsӋϢ`ОĶЧؾSoI(y)ӋϢĺϷ(qun)

()ƕӋϢϵy(tng)

ƵI(y)ӋϢϵy(tng)ƄI(y)ӋϢO;njF(xin)I(y)ϢҪAI(y)Ҫ(j)|(zh)Լ(jng)Iģʽ(jng)l(f)չrČI(y)(ni)ĸTI(y)Mз_TŚ؟c(jng)؟ΣI(y)ϢYMҎ(gu)ЧĕӋϢϵy(tng)ĶʹϢȫ滯I(y)ěQṩȫ桢挍ɿϢ(sh)(j)ĶMI(y)Mһl(f)չ

Y(ji)Z

CӋϢǕrl(f)չıȻڅI(y)l(f)չıȻxӋϢI(y)ϢAҪxI(y)Ҫ_JRϢă(ni)ӏӋ˲ŵB(yng)ӏӋϢİȫƵĕӋϢϵy(tng)Ķȫ桢ČI(y)ӋϢMзϣI(y)Qṩ挍ЧĔ(sh)(j)ϢĶƄI(y)Mһl(f)չ

ԿƮI(y)Փ ƪ6

ժ Ҫ

СW(sh)W̲SΨx^cqC(ni)|(zh) ҪСW(sh)Wͨ^W(sh)W|(zh)MWw|(zh)ڽ̌WнY(ji)όWcͽ̌W(ni)ݣҪ׌WĻA֪RͻҪ׌Wͨ^(sh)WWʹ|(zh)ƺ

P(gun)I~

|(zh)

СW(sh)W̌W|(zh)OҪλ|(zh)ҪСW(sh)Wͨ^W(sh)W|(zh)MWw|(zh)J飬@P(gun)Iý̲āB(yng)WĔ(sh)W|(zh)СW(sh)W̌Wl(f)]WƟoҾСW(sh)W̌WՄՄԼĿ

һСW(sh)WĽ

СW(sh)W̲SΨx^cqC(ni).SнxՓ֪R͔(sh)W}猍`һ^cWͨ^(sh)WWuI(lng)𲽘^c֮һ猦y(tng)һ^c.СW(sh)WеĴcСc١cocȶnjy(tng)һ^cľwwF(xin)cСcmȻnj.໥@ǽy(tng)һ(sh)W֪Rͬ^һ໥“(lin)ϵ໥໥á໥M@ʹٳ˔(sh)W֪R\׃ l(f)չ.֔(sh)ߵĻЅ^(q)e“(lin)ϵ໥(sh)W@N“(lin)ϵеõ˰l(f)չɺεsɲȫȫƼİl(f)չ.֪Rĸ¼ӿoµ(zhn)B(yng)W˼Sl(f)չɞ F(xin)̌Wһ헻΄ĺ˼S(sh)Wи߶ȵijԺ͇ܵ߉݋SДMɵĴ_wϵ@ЩД඼ɔ(sh)Wg(sh)Z߉݋g(sh)䴁߉݋.һЩДγµДࡣ(sh)WNS˼SB(yng)

(sh)WĽwF(xin)ڶN.ڽ̌WнY(ji)όWcͽ̌W(ni)Ҫ׌WA֪RͻܣҪ׌Wͨ^(sh)WWʹ|(zh)ƺ

|(zh)Čʩ

СW(sh)W̌Wʩ|(zh)ҪwF(xin)Ž׷棺

1B(yng)WĔ(sh)WR

B(yng)WĔ(sh)WRǡؽQĆ}.F(xin)ڵČWȱ@NRҪF(xin)cÓ(ji)ڌWR֪RP(gun)ڽ.]Д(sh)WHr෴.^ǂ(sh)WH˔(sh)W߀ǔ(sh)WĚw҂ĺ߀ܰĿ쵽⡣@c҂ĽкܴP(gun)ϵĕĽ̌WՏһһꡣӂcе.ˡǧˡ򽻵s಻һз۹PһƿϵĴ

ԭ?ȱٌČH.µ͟oȥ@ȡ@NĿ֪hȫڽϲڴSʵ

2עB(yng)

B(yng)˼SСW(sh)W̌W͌Wһ헻΄СWAB(yng)ʽ߉݋˼SķC^͸ԼДࡢ.WЗlи(j)˼};@ЩcB(yng)˼SƷ|(zh)ܲɷl(f)չB(yng)˼SƷ|(zh)ǰl(f)չB(yng)˼SҪ;оW˼S^B(yng)W˼SҪǰᡣW@ȡ֪R˼S^һҪ(jng)^֪⡢얹ĂAΡи֪֪RҪA.oWṩSĸԲȞҪ3ҕ l(f)չ

ڽ̌WкҕB(yng)Ͱl(f)չ؟oڌW֪Rl(f)չ WJ飺صĻcصĻǽy(tng)һڌWеW^dȤС־ԸʼKl(f)]ã{(dio)ӷЧĴM֪RČW

֪Roע

Sg֪RˮƽLW֪Ru֪Ra(chn)ֱdȤf֪Rì֪R_ԵȵȶWğoעЕrƒ(ni)ݵnrr҂Wһ(sh)ĎױǶٵđ}һcf֪RP(gun)ȫf֪R֟oQĆ}n@ЩWoעЧ

mrʾԣWdȤ

SW֪R醚vSoעup@Ӿͱmrؽʾ֪R“(lin)ϵa(chn)HW֪RĶʹW_WԣB(yng)WҪҪ͕ЌWdȤЌWֻʹWעϲ֪RD(zhun)xB(yng)WČWdȤB(yng)ͼl(f)WdȤOWoעĚwޣǟoעA

(sh)W֪RWǘֱl(f)WdȤ(chung)T˵ČW

Ԣ䐂֮x׌ӂ?ni)ϵİp؅čWЁڽ̌WЌWгԽ̎Оԭ.̎v΄Ճ(ni)ݕrܻԼJRur͑B(ti)@NɫʕrڸȾW F(xin)Wʮ֏{(dio)gл.Ҫ{(dio)ӌWĘWwcReO.ҪƽȡѺCĎP(gun)ϵ͌WՇ.{(dio)ꃺͯČWeOԺ׃ҪҌW顰ҪWҕWĸϴM̌WЧ͌W|(zh).ʹWص޶ȵذl(f)].Ҳʹͬrõl(f)չWȌW֪Rұ.Ȱl(f)չ֫@˟oMĘȤ.к־ͬrõB(yng)ͼӏĵԽl(f)չ

ԿƮI(y)Փ ƪ7

һСI(y)ӋϢF(xin)

1I(lng)JRδƶӋϢl(f)չҎ(gu)

ܶСI(y)I(lng)]ЌϢoҕϢM̾СI(y)I(lng)܂y(tng)˼SӰδRӋϢԞy(tng)Ӌܴă(yu)HӋϢI(y)Ĺ^еP(gun)ϵ܉?q)I(y)a(chn)ͽ(jng)IeOӰСI(y)ڌI(y)Ϣg(sh)]Ͷ̫]Ѓĸ|(zh)ĕӋI(y)˲ţôӋϢʩ͕кܶyҺܶI(y)δӋҪԼ{I(y)l(f)չҎ(gu)֮Ҳ]ƶӋϢλҎ(gu)̺Ҏ(gu)Ԍʩ͕ںܶϵK

2ӋϢͺ˲ŅT

СI(y)˹(ji)sɱƸĕӋˆT߂ӋϢʹڹиN}ٳʹI(y)J鱾I(y)ʩӋϢ߀bhܶ㻯ˆTԭĕӋ{Ƚ(jng)^ڵӖMЕӋϢ~̎^ֻʹؔܛִֹӋCIJ;SoϤһF(xin)F(xin)͟oQ

3ӋϢOɱ^ھSoɱ_

СI(y)ڌʩI(y)ӋϢrՓُIͨƷӋܛ߀Ƕc_l(f)ʽҪܛӲͶһؔ佛(jng)Чsܵò@ʾI(y)xؔܛr׳F(xin)ɷNr:һNrُIr׷rδ]ܛܝM㌢ӹܵҪ;һNrǓȱI(y)ӋϢđ˽xؔܛr׷ȫُܛmI(y)a(chn)ُIMқ]ЌTSoˆTڌʩ^هؔܛ˾ʹÕӋϢļg(sh)Soɱ^

4δܳúÕӋϢ`M

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