初中英語知識點總結(jié)[推薦]
總結(jié)是指對某一階段的工作、學(xué)習(xí)或思想中的經(jīng)驗或情況加以總結(jié)和概括的書面材料,它有助于我們尋找工作和事物發(fā)展的規(guī)律,從而掌握并運用這些規(guī)律,讓我們抽出時間寫寫總結(jié)吧。你所見過的總結(jié)應(yīng)該是什么樣的?下面是小編幫大家整理的初中英語知識點總結(jié),供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)1
一、表示時間的介詞
時間介詞有in , on,at,after,since,during,by,before,after,until等,前三個介詞用法有個口訣:at午夜、點與分,上午、下午、晚用in。
年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周,之前加上介詞in。
將來時態(tài)多久后,這些情形亦用in。
日子、日期、年月日,星期之前要用on。
其余幾組常見的時間介詞辨析如下辨析如下:
1、時間介詞in與after的用法辨析
介詞in +一段時間用于一般將來時。如:We’ll go to school in two weeks.
介詞after +一段時間用于一般過去時。如:My mother came home after half an hour.
介詞after +時間點常用于一般將來時。如:We’ll go out for a walk after supper.
2、時間介詞for與since的用法辨析
介詞for表示一段時間如:I have been living here for 10 years.
介詞since表示從過去某一時間以來如:I have been living here since 20xx.
3、時間介詞before與by的用法辨析
介詞before表示“在…之前”如:He won’t come back before five .
介詞by表示“到…時為止,不遲于…”如:The work must be finished by Friday.
4、時間介詞during與for的用法辨析
當(dāng)所指的時間起止分明時用介詞during如:He swims every day during the summer.
如果一段時間不明確則用介詞for如:I haven’t seen her for years.
5、時間介詞till與until用法的異同
till和until用在肯定句中,均可表示“直到…為止”,如:I will wait till(until)seven o'clock.
till和until用在否定句中,均可表示“在…以前”或“直到…才”。
如:Tom didn't come back till(until)midnight.
till多用于普通文體,而until則用于多種文體,并且在句子開頭時,用until而不用till如:Until he comes back,nothing can be done.
注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every等詞之前一律不用介詞。
二、表示方位的介詞
常用的表示方位的介詞用法及辨析如下:
1、方位介詞on, over, above的`用法辨析
介詞on表示一物放在另一物上面,兩者緊貼在一起,如:The book is on the table.
介詞over表示一種垂直懸空的上下關(guān)系,即“在…上方”,如:Is there any bridge over the river?
介詞above表示一般的“高于…”,“在…之上”,如:There was an electric clock above his bed.
2、方位介詞under與below的用法辨析
介詞under是over的反義詞即“在…下方”,如:They were seen under the tree.
介詞below是above的反義詞即“低于…”,“在…之下”,如:They live below us.
3、方位介詞across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析
介詞across著重于“從一頭或一邊到另一頭或另一邊”,強(qiáng)調(diào)從表面穿過。
如:She went across the street to make some purchases.
介詞through著重于“穿越”,強(qiáng)調(diào)從一定的空間內(nèi)穿過。
如:The sunlight was coming in through the window.
介詞over多表示從“上方越過”,如:He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it.
介詞past表示從“面前經(jīng)過”,如:Someone has just gone past the window.
4、地點介詞at與in的用法辨析
介詞at表示較小的地方,如家、村、鄉(xiāng)村等,如:He lives at a small village.
介詞in表示較大的地方,如大城市、國家、洲等,如:He lives in Beijing.
5、表示東南西北的時候,地點介詞in、on、to的用法辨析
介詞in表示“包含”如:Beijing is in the north of China.
介詞on表示“緊鄰”如:Canada lies on the north of the U.S.
介詞to表示“沒接觸”如:France lies to the south of England.
三、表示方式、手段、或工具的介詞:by,in,on,with.
1、by,in,on,表示交通方式。用by時,交通工具前不用任何詞;用in和on時,交通工具前用冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞。例如by car=in a car,by bike=on a bike.
2、表示手段或工具,with后跟具體工具,如I write with a pen;in表示使用某種語言或墨水、顏色等原料,例如:in English.
四、介詞的固定搭配
across from在對面
look for尋找
look after照顧
get on with與某人相處
agree with同意(某人)
arrive at(in)到達(dá)
ask for詢問
begin…with從……開始
believe in相信
break off打斷
break out爆發(fā)
bring down降低
bring in引進(jìn)
bring up教育,培養(yǎng)
build up建起
burn down燒光
call back回電話
call for要求約請
call on拜訪訪問
care for喜歡
carry on繼續(xù)開展
carry out實行開展
check out查明結(jié)帳
come about發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生
come out出來
come to共計達(dá)到
compare…with與……比較
compare to比作
cut off切斷
date from始于
depend on依靠
devote to獻(xiàn)于
die out滅亡
divide up分配
dream of夢想
fall off下降
fall over跌倒
feed on以……為食
get down to專心于
get through通過
初中英語知識點總結(jié)2
1.should可表示惋惜、憂慮、歡欣、驚訝等感情色彩以及婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣。
Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜,她很快就要離開了。(惋惜)
They were worried that their motherland should be in such great
danger.他們因祖國處在如此巨大的危險中而感到憂慮。(憂慮)
It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so
hard.難以置信,我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(驚訝)
I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的答案該是對的.吧。(婉轉(zhuǎn))
2.would可用于委婉的陳述、客氣的請求和委婉的建議。
I don’t think he would be so careless. 我認(rèn)為他不會那么粗心。
Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想來參加我的生日聚會嗎?
3.dare可表示“膽敢”。
I dare not say such rude things.我不敢說粗話。
4.need可表示“需要”。
Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任務(wù)嗎?
Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 湯姆,沒必要這么擔(dān)心。
這里借用一下網(wǎng)友總結(jié)的記憶口訣:
動詞原形接后面,說話語氣較委婉。
can 能力may許可,must責(zé)任或義務(wù)。
否定回答needn’t換,需要need, dare敢。
should應(yīng)該,would愿,have to被迫表客觀。
情態(tài)動詞雖然數(shù)量有限,但用法廣泛。清楚所有情態(tài)動詞的表示意義,對英語遣詞造句具有非常重要的作用。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)3
形容詞/副詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成規(guī)則
(1)單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)單詞,比較級在后面加-er,最高級在后面加-est。
①單音節(jié)單詞:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
、谏贁(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)單詞:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
(2)以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)單詞,比較級在原形后加-r,最高級在原級后加-st。
large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
(3)以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)(即:輔音+元音+輔音)單詞中,先雙寫末尾的輔音字母,比較級加-er,最高級加-est。
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
(4)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的.雙音節(jié)詞,把y改為i,比較級加-er,最高級加-est。
easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
(5)其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,比較級在前面加more,最高級在前面加most。
beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
(6)有少數(shù)形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級是不規(guī)則的,必須熟記。
good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
初中英語知識點總結(jié)4
1、連詞:連詞由充當(dāng)賓語從句的句子語氣來確定。如果為陳述語氣,則用that(可省略);如果為特殊疑問語氣,則用適當(dāng)?shù)?特殊疑問詞;如果為一般疑問語氣,則用if/whether(是否)。
例如:
He says(that)he lives in beijing.
I don′t know where he works.
Could you tell me if/whether it snows in winter in australia?
注意:在賓語從句中,if后面不能直接跟or not,而whether后面則可以。
例如:
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left.
2、時態(tài)
例如:
Do you know who give us a talk?
He asked if it was five o′clock.
注意:賓語從句如果表達(dá)客觀事實、真理,則不論主句為何種時態(tài),從句一般用一般現(xiàn)在時。
例如:
The teacher told us(that)the earth moves around the sun.
3、語序:賓語從句一律要用陳述語序。
例如:
Li mei asked me where mary was.
4、連接代詞:what可以表示“…的話”,“…的事”的意思。
例如:
I can not understand what he said.
5、標(biāo)點符號:帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句用什么標(biāo)點符號,要依據(jù)主句的句式來確定。
例如:
He asked me how many students there were in our class.
Do you know if he will go to the cinema tomorrow?
6、在think/suppose/expect等動詞之后的賓語從句中,如果從句謂語是否定含義,則不用否定形式,而將主句謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健?/p>
例如:
I don′t think you are right.我認(rèn)為你不對。
7、賓語從句和連接代詞在句中作賓語時,從句中應(yīng)用及物動詞;若從句中的動詞是不及物動詞,應(yīng)在其后加介詞或副詞。
例如:
Please tell me what place he lives in.
8、如果賓語從句是用and連接的并列句,兩個賓語從句前都要使用連接詞;如果連接詞都是that,第一個可以省略,第二個則不能。
例如:
I heard(that)their team won and that the teacher was please.
初中英語知識點總結(jié)5
1,一般加s,例如:pen---pens
2,以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾加es,例如:bus—buses,brush—brushes,watch—watches,box—boxes
3,以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,去掉y為I加es例如:baby---babies
4,以f,fe結(jié)尾,去掉f,fe加ves life---lives,leaf---leaves
5,以有生命的o結(jié)尾加es例如:hero---heroes,tomato---tomatoes,potato---potatoes,mango---mangoes
6,復(fù)合名詞遇見man,woman兩個詞時,兩個名詞都要加復(fù)數(shù)A man teacher---two men teachers
初中英語知識點總結(jié)6
簡單句的五種基本句型
1.“主語+謂語”(即“主謂”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主語)“arrived”(謂語)。
2.“主語+謂語+賓語”(即“主謂賓”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主語)“study”(謂語動作)“English”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)。
3.“主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主語)“教”(謂語動作)“us”(間接賓語)“English”(直接賓語)。
4.“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”(即“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主語)“asked”(謂語動作)“her”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)“to go there”(補(bǔ)語—補(bǔ)充說明賓語做什么)。
5.“主語+系動詞+表語”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的.系動詞有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主語)“am”(系動詞)“a teacher”(表語—即表明主語的身份)。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)7
一、need和dare的用法
need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動詞,也可用作實義動詞。用作情態(tài)動詞時,主要用于否定句和疑問句。用作實義動詞時,可用于各種句式。
1、用作情態(tài)動詞
Need I come? --Yes, you must. --我需要來嗎? --需要。 You neednt telephone him now.你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。
I dont think you need worry.我想你不必發(fā)愁。
She dare not go out alone at night.她晚上不敢一個人出去。
How dare you say Im unfair?你竟敢說我不公平?
Not one of them dared mention this.他們誰也不敢提這件事。
2、用作實義動詞
You dont need to do it yourself.你不必親自做這件事。
We need to tell them the news.我們需要把這消息告訴他們。
The table needs painting (to be painted.).桌子需要油漆一下。
We should dare to give our own opinion.我們要敢于提出自己的觀點。
He did not dare (to) look up.他不敢抬頭看。
I dare day hell come again.我想他會再來的'。(I dare say…為固定習(xí)語)
二、情態(tài)動詞后跟完完成這項工作的。
He isnt here. He must have missed the train.他還未到,一定是沒趕上火車。 Where can (could) he gone?他能到那里去了呢?
You may (might) have read about it.你可能在報上已經(jīng)讀到這件事了。 You could (might) have been more careful.你本來可以更細(xì)心的。
He neednt have worried it.他本不必為此事?lián)摹?/p>
There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You ought to have come, but why didnt you?昨天的聚會非常有意思。你本應(yīng)該來,為何不來呢?
三、動詞be(is,am,are)的用法
我(I)用am,你(you)用are,is跟著他(he)、她(she)、它(it)。單數(shù)名詞用is,復(fù)數(shù)名詞全用are。變否定,更容易,be后not加上去。變疑問,往前提,句末問號莫丟棄。還有一條須注意,句首大寫莫忘記。
四、 this,that和it用法
(1)this和that是指示代詞,it是人稱代詞。
(2)距離說話人近的人或物用this,距離說話人遠(yuǎn)的人或物用that。如:
This is a flower.這是一朵花。(近處)
That is a tree.那是一棵樹。(遠(yuǎn)處)
(3)放在一起的兩樣?xùn)|西,先說this,后說that。如:
This is a pen. That is a pencil.這是一支鋼筆。那是一支鉛筆。
(4)向別人介紹某人時說This is…,不說That is…。如:
This is Helen. Helen, this is Tom.這是海倫。海倫,這是湯姆。
(5)This is不能縮寫,而That is可以縮寫。如:
This is a bike. That’s a car.這是一輛自行車。那是一輛轎車。
(6)打電話時,介紹自己用this,詢問對方用that。如:
—Hello! Is that Miss Green?喂,是格林小姐嗎?
—Yes, this is. Who’s that?是的,我是,你是誰?
注意:雖然漢語中使用“我”和“你”,但英語中打電話時絕不可以說:I am…, Are you…?/Who are you?
(7)在回答this或that作主語的疑問句時,要用it代替this或that。如:
、佟狪s this a notebook?這是筆記本嗎?
—Yes, it is.是的,它是。
、凇猈hat’s that?那是什么?
—It’s a kite.是只風(fēng)箏。
五、these和those用法
this, that, these和those是指示代詞,these是this的復(fù)數(shù)形式,指時間、距離較近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的復(fù)數(shù)形式,指時間、距離較遠(yuǎn)或前面已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。
、賂his is my bed. That is Lily’s bed.這是我的'床。那是莉莉的床。
、赥hese pictures are good.那些畫很好。
、 Are those apple trees?那些是蘋果樹嗎?
在回答主語是these或those的疑問句時,通常用they代替these或those以避免重復(fù)。如:
Are these/those your apples?這些(那些)是你的蘋果嗎?
Yes, they are.是的,他們是。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)8
在英語中,謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語保持一致。
1、以there或here引起的句子,謂語是be動詞時,如果主語是并列的幾個名詞,謂語動詞應(yīng)和最靠近它的一個名詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。
例如:
There are two trees and a well behind the house.
Here is an apple,two oranges and some peaches for you.
2、由neither…nor/either…or/not only…but also/not…but等連接的名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)與最靠近他的一個名詞或代詞保持人稱和數(shù)上的一致。
例如:
Neither jack nor I have seen the film.
Either you or I am worry.
Not only you but also he comes here every day.
3、each和由some/any/one/every/構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待,謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。
例如:
Each of us has something to say .
Is everyboday ready?
Someboday is using the phone.
4、主語后接with/together with/as well as/but等短語作定語時,謂語形式不受定語的影響。
例如:
The teacher together with his students is going there on foot.
5、many a(許多)和more than one(不止一個)等作定語去修飾作主語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例如:
Many a way has been tried.
6、pair of等表示數(shù)量的名詞短語修飾主語時,謂語的`形式要與pair等名詞形式一致。常見的有:pair of/kind of/type of/box of等。(但a lot of/lots of和a number of不屬于這一類)。
例如:
There is a pair of shoes left.
7、從句或短語(包括不定式和動名詞)作主語時,往往表達(dá)一種抽象概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例如:
Waving hand is to say“goodbye”.
What he said is wrong.
8、maths/news/physics/the united states等單數(shù)概念,復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。
例如:
The united states was founded in 1776.
9、時間、距離、金錢、重量、容量等名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例如:
Twenty years is a long time.
Two hundreds dollars is a lot of money.
10、the number of+名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù):a number of+名詞,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)9
句子成分
1.主語:句子所陳述的對象。
2.謂語:主語發(fā)出的動作。一般是有動作意義的動詞。
3.賓語:分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語,屬于動作的承受者。
4.系動詞:表示狀態(tài)或狀態(tài)變化的動詞,沒有實際的.動作意義。如be,感官系動詞(look, sound, smell,
taste和feel)、保持類系動詞(keep, stay和remain)、狀態(tài)變化類系動詞(become、get、turn和go)等。
5.表語:緊跟系動詞后面的成分。
6.定語:修飾名詞或代詞的成分。
7.狀語:修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞或句子的成分。
8.補(bǔ)語:分為賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語。是對賓語和主語的補(bǔ)充說明,與其有主動或被動的邏輯關(guān)系。
例如:You should keep the room clean and tidy.你應(yīng)該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。(You是主語,should
keep是謂語,the room是賓語,clean and tidy是賓語補(bǔ)足語。)
This kind of food tastes delicious.這種食物吃起來很可口。(This kind of
food是主語,tastes是系動詞,delicious是表語。)
初中英語知識點總結(jié)10
一,表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有:
and,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,not only…but also,as well as
1.a(chǎn)nd“和,并且”,連接對等的詞句。(在否定句中要用or連接。)
I like physics and chemistry.我喜歡物理和化學(xué)。
I don’t like physics or chemistry.我不喜歡物理和化學(xué)。
2.both…and“……和……都”
Both Jim and Mary went to the cinema yesterday.昨天吉姆和瑪麗都去看電影了。
Exercise is good both for body and for mind.運動有益于身心。
3.neither…nor兩者皆不
He neither smokes nor drinks.他既不抽煙又不喝酒。
I like neither swimming nor skating.我既不喜歡游泳,又不喜歡溜冰。
4.either…or不是…就是…,或者…或者….。
Either you come to the office now,or wait for me at home.
你要么現(xiàn)在到辦公室來,要么就在家等著。
Either he or I will leave.不是他就是我將要離開。
5.not only…but(also)不但……而且……(not only…but also中的also可以省略。)
Not only she but also I am wrong.不但她錯了,我也錯了。
He not only made a promise,but kept it.他不僅許諾,而且做到了。
6.a(chǎn)s well as也、又
We will rescue Henry as well as you.除了你,我們還要營救亨利。
He likes basketball as well as football.除了足球,他還喜歡籃球。
二、常用的從屬連詞:
(一)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞有:when,while,since,until,after,before,as soon as
1.when當(dāng)……時
When we got there,the meeting had begun.我們到時,會議已經(jīng)開始了。
It was raining when she arrived at the station.她到達(dá)車站時,正在下雨。588.es
2.while正當(dāng)……時,正在……時。(while引導(dǎo)的.從句中,謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞,且常常用進(jìn)行時。
Don’t make any noise while others are reading.別人讀書時不要制造噪音。
She sang while she was walking.她邊走邊唱。
3.since自從
It’s just a month since we arrived here.我們到這兒剛好一月了。
My mother has been ill since I left home.自從我離開家我媽媽就一直生病。
4.until直到……為止
Until you told me,I knew nothing at all about it.在我告訴我之前,我對此之外無所知。
He didn’t appear until the meeting had begun.直到會議開始他才露面。
5.before在……之前
after在……之后
I’ll phone you after I arrive.我到達(dá)之后給你打電話。
Say goodbye before you go.你走之前要說再見。
6.a(chǎn)s soon as一……就
I’ll visit you as soon as I come back.我一回來就去拜訪你。
Please tell him as soon as you see him.你一看見他就請告訴他。
。ǘ┮龑(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞:because,since,as,for,now that
1.because因為(because與so不能并用。)
I can’t believe in him because he isn’t honest.我不能信任他,因為他不誠實。
She didn’t come because she didn’t know it.她沒有來,因為她不知道。
2.since既然
Since he says so,it must be true.既然他這么說,那一定是真的。
Since you ask,I will tell you.你既然問,我就告訴你。
3.a(chǎn)s因為,由于
As we are hungry,let’s have supper.由于大家餓了,我們就吃晚飯吧。
Mother began to worry about my brother as it was getting dark.
由于天越來越黑,媽媽開始為哥哥著急。
4.for因為
We can't go for it is raining.我們不能走,因為正在下雨。
I enjoyed myself at the party for I knew all the guests well.
我在晚會上玩得很盡興,因為所有的個人我都很熟悉。
5.now that既然
Now that he is unhappy,let’s leave him alone.既然他不高興,我們就讓他自己呆著吧。
Now that she feels sorry,please forgive her.既然她很后悔,就請原諒她吧。
。ㄈ┮龑(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句:so…that,such…that
1.so…that如此……以致
She is so tired that he can’t go any further.她太累了,不能再走了。
She is so big a cat that she can’t get into the hole.這貓?zhí)罅算@不進(jìn)這洞。
2.such…that如此……以致
It’s such a beautiful place that I wouldn’t come back.這地方太美了,令我留戀返。
It’s such a fine day that many people go to the park for fun.
天氣這么好,許多人都到公園里來玩樂。
。ㄋ模┮龑(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞:so that,in order that以便
They hurried so that they can get there on time.他們加快了速度,為的是能夠按時到達(dá)。
I hired a boat in order that I can go fishing.為了去釣魚,我租了條小船。
(五)引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的連詞:than,as…as
He is taller than his brother.他比他兄弟高。
She could draw as well as her teacher.她能畫得跟她的老師一樣好。
。┮龑(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞:though,although(though與although的用法基本一樣)
Although it rained hard,he still went out.盡管雨下得很大,他還是出去了。
Even though I have enough time,I don’t want to go there with him.
盡管我有時間,可我并不想跟他去那。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)11
作狀語,作定語,作表語,作賓補(bǔ)
1.副詞的排列順序
1)時間,地點副詞,小單位在前,大單位在后
2)方式副詞,短的`在前,長的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。
3)多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點+方式+時間副詞
注意:副詞very可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞
副詞enough要放在形容詞或副詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
2副詞比較等級
其變化規(guī)則與形容詞比較等級變化規(guī)則相同。 但副詞的最高級前一般不加定冠詞the.
3辨析:
1)how long, how soon, how ofen, how far
how long: “多久,多長時間”,對一個持續(xù)的時間段提問,常對“for+時間段”和“since+時間點”進(jìn)行提問。
how soon: “多快,多久以后”,對一個短暫性動作提問,用于一般將來時的句子中,常對“in+時間段”進(jìn)行提問。
how often: “多長時間一次”,對頻率提問,常對“once,twice,three times a week”等提問。 how far: “多遠(yuǎn)”,對距離提問。
2)hard和hardly
hard “努力地,辛苦地,劇烈地,猛烈地”,是程度副詞。 hardly :“幾乎不”,是否定副詞。
3)much too 和too much
much too “非常,極其,太” 修飾形容詞或副詞原級 too much “太多” 修飾不可數(shù)名詞
初中英語知識點總結(jié)12
一、陳述句:
陳述句是用來陳述一個事實或表達(dá)說話人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降調(diào),句末用句號“.”。
Tom has a new car.湯姆有輛新車。
The flower isn’t beautiful.這花不美。
二、陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成
1.如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或連系動詞be,則只需在這些動詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.他正在彈吉他。(肯定)
He is not playing the guitar.他不在彈吉他。(否定)
We can get there before dark.天黑前我們能夠到達(dá)那里。(肯定)
We can’t get thee before dark.天黑前我們不能到達(dá)那里。(否定)
2.如果陳述句的謂語動詞是實義動詞,而其中又沒有情態(tài)動詞或助動詞時,則需根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)在該實義動詞前加don’t,doesn’t或didn’t。同時把該實義動詞變?yōu)樵巍?/p>
He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好。(肯定)
He doesn’t play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好。(否定)
She won the game.她贏得了比賽。588.es(肯定)
She didn’t win the game.她沒贏比賽。(否定)
三、祈使句:
祈使句是用來表示命令、請求、建議、號召等的句子,謂語動詞用原形,句末用感嘆號“!”或句號“.”。朗讀時一般用降調(diào)。
1.肯定的祈使句:
(1)祈使句主語是you時,you常省略,但如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對方或表達(dá)某種強(qiáng)烈的情緒時可以有主語或稱呼語。
Be quiet.請安靜。
You be quiet!你給我安靜點!
。2)“Do+祈使句”表示一種強(qiáng)烈的感情或請求,do起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。
Do come back at once!務(wù)必立即返回!
Do be careful.務(wù)必小心。
(3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣,但please用在句末時,必須用逗號與其余部分分開。
Open the window,please.請打開窗戶。
。4)Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時,后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語,人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。
Let Jack wait a minute.讓杰克等一會。
Let’s go to school.我們上學(xué)去吧。
。5)在祈使句中,Let’s和Let us是有區(qū)別的。Let’s包括說話者,而Let us不包括說話者在內(nèi)。這點從反意疑問句時可明顯看出。
Let’s go skating,shall we?咱們?nèi)チ锉,好嗎?(表示?nèi)部的建議)
Let us try again,will you?讓我們再試一次,好嗎?(表示向別人發(fā)出請求)
一、一般疑問句:
。1)一般疑問句的肯定形式
一般疑問句一般是指以助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞或have(有)開始,通常要求以yes,或no來回答的疑問句,一般疑問句讀時通常用升調(diào)。
Do you know Mr.Smith?你認(rèn)識史密斯先生嗎?
Can you swim?你會游泳嗎?
(2)一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
、僭谝话阋蓡柧涞姆穸ńY(jié)構(gòu)中,把副詞not放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not的簡略形式-n’t,則須將-n’t與一般疑問句句首的be,have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞寫在一起。在實際運用中,一般都采用簡略式。
、谂c漢語不同的是,英語一般疑問句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語是否定還是肯定,全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的,則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu);若答語是否定的,則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
Aren’t you a football fan?你不是足球迷嗎?
Yes,I am.是的,我是。
No,I am not.不,我不是。
Won’t she like it?她會不喜歡嗎?
Yes,she will.是的,她會(喜歡)的。
No,she won’t.不,她不會(喜歡)的。
二、特殊疑問句
用疑問代詞疑問形容詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的`疑問句叫特殊疑問句。特殊疑問句不能用yes或no回答,讀時用降調(diào)。588.es
常見的疑問代詞有what,which,who,whom,whose
常見的疑問形容詞有what,which,whose
常見的疑問副詞有when,where,why,how
三,選擇疑問句:
選擇疑問句是說話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況,讓對方選擇回答的疑問句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接,or前面的部分讀升調(diào),or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。
選擇疑問句不能用yes或no回答,而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。
Is your bag yellow or black?It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee?Either will do.。
Which do you like better,singing or dancing?I like dancing better.
四,反意疑問句:
反意疑問句是指在陳述句之后附加一個意思與之相反的簡短問句,問對方是否贊同的疑問句。附加問句的否定式必須縮寫。
。1)肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問句,否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問句。
I am your teacher,aren’t I?我是你的老師,對嗎?
He didn’t study hard,did he?他學(xué)習(xí)不努力,對嗎?
。2)如果陳述句中含有否定副詞never(從不,決不),hardly(幾乎不)或其他表示否定代詞或形容詞,如nothing,none no one,nobody,neither,few,little等,則附加問句只能用肯定式。如:
They hardly write to each other,do they?他們幾乎不給對方寫信,是嗎?
He has found nothing,has he?他什么也沒有找到,是嗎?
Few people knew the secret,did they?很少有人知道這個秘密,是嗎?
(3)當(dāng)反意疑問句是“否定陳述句+肯定附加問句”時,英語與漢語的回答習(xí)慣存在差異。英語回答時只看實際情況,若答語的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”,答語的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”,而譯成漢語時,則必須把yes譯“不是”,把no譯成“是的”。
You won’t be away for long,will you?你不會離開太久,是嗎?
Yes,I will.不,我會離開很久。No,I won’t.是的,我不會離開很久。
I don’t think she’ll come by bike,will she?我認(rèn)為她不會騎自行車,會嗎?
Yes,she will.不,她會騎自行車來。No,she won’t.是的,她不會騎自行車來。
五,掌握由what,how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別
感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂以及驚異等感情的句子。句末用感嘆號“!”,讀時用降調(diào),感嘆句往往由what或how引導(dǎo),what修飾名詞,how修飾形容詞,副詞或動詞。
1.what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
。1)what+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
What a beautiful city it is!多么美麗的一個城市!
What an interesting story she told!她講了一個多么有趣的故事啊!
(2)what+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
What expensive watches they are!多貴的手表。
What terrible weather it is!多么惡劣的天氣!
2.How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
。1)How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How cold it is!多冷啊!
How hard he works!他工作多么努力。
。2)How+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How he loves his son!他多么愛他的兒子。
How I miss you!我多想你!
(3)How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How tall a tree it is!多么高的一棵樹。
How they cried!他們哭得多傷心啊!
(一)掌握時間和條件狀語從句中的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的搭配
。1)時間狀語從句:
引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞有when(當(dāng)……時候),while(當(dāng),在……過程中),since(自從……以來),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),tell/until(直到……時),as soon as(一……就)。如果主句為一般將來時,則時間狀語從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來的意義。
He was reading the newspaper when I came in.當(dāng)我進(jìn)來時,他正在讀報紙。
Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在時,請照看一下我的貓。
Don’t talk so loud while others are studying.別人學(xué)習(xí)時不要大聲說話。
It has been five years since she went abroad.她出國已有五年了。
He died before his son came back.他在他兒子回來之前就去世了。
I’ll show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到達(dá)我就領(lǐng)他參觀我們的工廠。
I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see him.我一見到他就告訴他。
(2)條件狀語從句:引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞是if(如果)。如果主句是一般將來時,條件狀語從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時。
If you stay at home,I’ll go.如果你呆在家里,我就走。
If we don’t get up early,we won’t catch the train.如果我們不早起,我們就趕不上火車。
(二)掌握賓語從句的語序及其時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
。1)賓語從句的語序:
賓語從句的語序一律使用陳述語序。尤其是在把兩個獨立的句子連成一個含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句時必須特別注意:
當(dāng)賓語從句原為陳述句時,用that引導(dǎo),語序不變。(注意時態(tài)的一致)
Tom isn’t a good student.The teacher told us…→
The teacher told us Tom wasn’t a good student.老師告訴我們湯姆不是一個好學(xué)生。
He has given up smoking.She said…→
She said he had given up smoking.她說他已經(jīng)戒煙了。
當(dāng)賓語從句原為一般疑問句時,用whether或if連接,語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。
Is Jim a doctor?I wonder…→
I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是個醫(yī)生。
Does she dance well?Can you tell me…→
Can you tell me if she dances well?你能告訴我她舞跳的是否好嗎?
當(dāng)賓語從句原為特殊疑問句時,特殊疑問詞即為連接詞,語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。
She asked me where you were going.她問我你去哪里。
She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。
。2)賓語從句的時態(tài):
賓語從句的時態(tài)原則上應(yīng)與主句的時態(tài)保持一致。
如果主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時),賓語從句可以是實際需要的任何時態(tài)。
I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已經(jīng)來了。(現(xiàn)在完成時)
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.請告訴我什么時候開會。(一般將來時)
I don’t know who they are talking about.我不知道他們正在談?wù)撜l。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時)
I have heard the window was broken by John.我已經(jīng)聽說窗戶是被約翰打破的。
如果主句是過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時,過去進(jìn)行時),賓語從句必須選用過去的某一時態(tài)(即一般過去時,過去將來時,過去進(jìn)行時或過去完成時等)
He said he would kill her.他說他會殺了她。(過去將來時)
She told us Lucy had returned home.她告訴我們露茜已經(jīng)回家去了。(過去完成時)
Mary was wondering who could answer the question.
瑪麗想知道誰能回答這一問題。(一般過去時)
I didn’t told them where you were having the meeting.
我沒有告訴他們你們正在哪兒開會。(過去進(jìn)行時)
如果賓語從句表示的是科學(xué)其理、客觀事實或格言警句等,則不管這句是何種時態(tài),從句一律用一般現(xiàn)在時。
Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告訴我地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她說患難朋友才是真正的朋友。
(三)了解定語從句的構(gòu)成基本形式及基本用法
。1)定語在句中是用來修飾名詞或代詞的,一般由形容詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類來充當(dāng)。如果起修飾作用的是一個句子的時候,就叫作定語從句。但定語從句不是象形容詞那樣放于名詞前,而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞。588.es
。2)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how。
1.that的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。
A plane is a machine that can fly.飛機(jī)是一種會飛的機(jī)器。
I like the book(that)you lent me yesterday.我喜歡你昨天借給我的那本書。
2.which的先行詞只能是物。
The book shop is a shop which sells book.書店是銷售書的商店。
The book(which)I read last night was wonderful.我昨晚看的那本書很精彩。
3.who在定語從句中作主語;whom是who的賓格,在定語從句中作賓語;而whose則是形容詞性物主代詞,在從句中作定語。
The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend
昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。
Who's that woman(whom)you just talked to?
你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?
This is our classmate,Mary,whose home is not far from our school.
這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗,她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。
4.關(guān)系代詞whom,which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將whom與which與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.那是我們曾經(jīng)住了十年的房子。
=That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
。3)除關(guān)系代詞外,還有關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等也能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
1.when用來指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。
I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall
我永遠(yuǎn)也不會忘記我第一次到達(dá)長城的那天。
2.where則指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
This is the house where the old man lives.這就是那位老人住的房子。
3.why用來指原因,作原因狀語。
That’s the reason why he didn’t come yesterday.那就是他昨天為什么沒有來的原因。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)13
一般過去時并不難,表示過去動作、狀態(tài)記心間。動詞要用過去式,時間狀語句末站。否定句很簡單,didn't 站在動詞原形前,其它部分不要變。一般疑問句也好變,did放在句子前,主語、動原、其它部分依次站。特殊疑問句也簡單,疑問詞加一般疑問句記心間。最后一條請注意,動詞過去式要牢記。
一、基本結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 肯定句形式:主語+動詞過去式+其他
否定句形式:①was/were+not; ②在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞
一般疑問句:①was/were提到句首; ②Did+主語+do+其他?
例句She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy.
2. 行為動詞的一般過去式。
A. 規(guī)則動詞的變化規(guī)則:
1、直接加ed:work—— worked look——looked play——played,
2、.以e結(jié)尾的單詞,直接加d:live ——lived hope——hoped use——used,
3、以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的,變y為i加ed:study—— studied carry——carried
4、以元音字母+y結(jié)尾的,直接加ed:enjoy ——enjoyed
5、 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的,雙寫最后的輔音字母+ed: stop—— stopped
plan——planned
B. 規(guī)則動詞過去式的發(fā)音:
在清輔音后讀/t/,在元音和濁輔音后讀/d/,在輔音/t/,/d/后讀 /id/。
C. 不規(guī)則動詞變化需參看不規(guī)則動詞表逐一熟記。(一般和過去分詞一起記憶)。
二、一般過去時的基本用法:
1. 通常表示過去發(fā)生的而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束的事件、動作或情況。
Eg. Sam phoned a moment ago.
I got up at eight this morning.
2. 還可以表示剛剛發(fā)生的事情而沒說明時間。
Eg. Did the telephone ring?
Who left the door open?
3. 也可以表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作。
Eg. I smoked 40 cigarettes a day till I gave up.
4. 與一般過去時連用的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week/Sunday/year, …ago, just now…
eg. I met Lily yesterday. I went to Dalian last summer.
I was a good student 5 years ago. He had dinner just now.
常見考法
對于一般過去時的考查,多以單選、句型轉(zhuǎn)換或詞語運用的形式考查學(xué)生在具體語境中靈活運用時態(tài)的能力。在考試中,會讓大家判斷是否該用一般過去時,或動詞過去式的'正確變化,或一般過去時的句型構(gòu)成。
典型例題1:1. Xiao Lin went fishing this morning.(改為一般疑問句)
解析:這是一道句型轉(zhuǎn)換題,考查到同學(xué)們對一般過去時的句型構(gòu)成的掌握。一般過去時的一般疑問句句型構(gòu)成為:Did+主語+do+其他?,即句首加 Did,句中過去式還原。
答案:Did Xiao Lin go fishing this morning?
誤區(qū)提醒
有些句子,雖然沒有表示過去確定時間的狀語,但實際上是指過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)的話,也要用過去時,這一點,我們中國學(xué)生往往出錯,要特別注意!
典型例題1:I didn''t know you (be)in Paris.
解析:題干意思是“我不知道你在巴黎”。因為在說話時,我已經(jīng)知道你在巴黎了。這句話指的是說話之前,所以只能用過去時表示。實際上,這句話暗指:But now I know you are here.
答案:were
初中英語知識點總結(jié)14
簡單句的.五種基本句型
1.“主語+謂語”(即“主謂”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主語)“arrived”(謂語)。
2.“主語+謂語+賓語”(即“主謂賓”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主語)“study”(謂語動作)“English”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)。
3.“主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our
teacher”(主語)“教”(謂語動作)“us”(間接賓語)“English”(直接賓語)。
4.“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”(即“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主語)“asked”(謂語動作)“her”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)“to go
there”(補(bǔ)語—補(bǔ)充說明賓語做什么)。
5.“主語+系動詞+表語”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系動詞有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,
look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主語)“am”(系動詞)“a teacher”(表語—即表明主語的身份)。
初中英語知識點總結(jié)15
每年的中考試卷中,“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”題所占分值較大,是為了全面考查學(xué)生在初中階段所學(xué)的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語、句型和語法等方面的知識及其它的之間的靈活運用能力。
Ⅰ.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”就是先給一個完整的句子A,再根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的要求(有時沒有明確,須自己觀察),在第二個句子B的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~來完成的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
、.題型分類
從形式上看,有如下幾種形式:①某一詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換;②詞組與句子的轉(zhuǎn)換;③同義句型的轉(zhuǎn)換;④為糾正常犯語言錯誤而設(shè)計的題目。
從內(nèi)容上看,此題型涉及的面較廣,主要有:①句子功能方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換;②句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。即簡單句、復(fù)合句、并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;③語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。即主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉(zhuǎn)換。
Ⅲ.具體分類如下
一、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň,大部分是用not來改變謂語結(jié)構(gòu),但也有借用否定意義的詞,如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等,例如:
A:Tom does well in maths.
B:Tom doesn't do in maths.
A:He has much to do.
B:He has nothing to do.
A:All of my classmates like art.
B:None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問句。根據(jù)上下句的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的減少,來判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問句。例如:
A:My brother often has breakfast at school.
B: Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A:Tom's already weak in English.
B:Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A:The red light changes every two minutes.
B:How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞的詞性,來確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式,例如:
A:This is an interesting book.
B:What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
根據(jù)上句,寫出一個意思相同(或相近)的下句,此類形式繁多,內(nèi)容復(fù)雜,涉及面廣,歸類如下:
1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。(通常上下句時態(tài)保持一致)。
常見的同義詞或詞組有:(1)四個“花費”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個“到達(dá)”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個“收到…來信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個“擅長于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學(xué)”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后,終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨自地by oneself -alone等。例如:
A:The children had a good time in the park.
B:The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如:
A:I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B:I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如:
A:If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B:Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A:If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B:Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A:Fish can't live if there is no water.
B:Fish can't live without water.
4、現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中,結(jié)束性動詞不能與時間段連用,必須改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞。常見的動詞轉(zhuǎn)換有:buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep,get up-be up.
例如:The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
、俸e語從句的復(fù)合句與簡單句的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:
A:I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B:I saw them playing football on the playground.
A:The teacher found that she was very clever.
B:The teacher found her very clever.
A:He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B:He found it hard to learn English well.
A:We are sure that we will win to first match.
B:We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
A:Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B:Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A:We don't know what we should do next.
B:We don't know what to do next.
、谟蓋hen/after/before/while/since/until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如:
A:They went home after they finished their work.
B:The went home after finishing their work.
A:Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B:Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)
A:When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B:At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
、塾蓅o…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如:
A:The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B:The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或:The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A:The child is so old that he can go to school.
B:The child is old enough to go to school.
、苡蓅o that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為in order to do例如:
A:My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B:My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
⑤由because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為because of…例如:
A:We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B:We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
、薅ㄕZ從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語或分詞短語。例如:
A:The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B:The man on the bike is Jim.
A:The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B:The man driving the red car is my boss.
A:The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B:The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如:
A:I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B:Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A:Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B:Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞依靠近它的主語而定,即“就近原則”,但是both…and用來連接兩個主語時,謂語復(fù)數(shù)。
7、主動語與被動語態(tài)的.互變。
“主動”變“被動”實行“三變二不變”原則。“三變”即是主語,謂語和賓語的變化,“二不變”即時態(tài)不變,句式不變。例如:
A:They make watches in the town.
B:Watches are made by them in the town.
A:I can finish the work before eight.
B:The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A:Do they grow rice in South China?
B:Is rice grown in South China?
注:使役性動詞make或感觀性動詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動語態(tài)中所帶省to的不定式賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,必須加上to.
A:I saw him take your umbrella.
B:He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級之間的轉(zhuǎn)化,例如
A:Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B:Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A:This exercise is easier than the other two.
B:This exercise is the easiest of the three.
、.解題指導(dǎo)
要做好句型轉(zhuǎn)換題,必須注意如下幾點:
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語的不同結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)技巧。
2、弄清題意,明確題目考查點,了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關(guān)系。
3、注意從多角度,全方位考慮問題,突破難點,注意復(fù)查,看是否按要求完成了轉(zhuǎn)換。
通過上述的歸納和指導(dǎo),可以理清學(xué)生的“依章辦事”的解題思路,養(yǎng)成“有條不紊”的解題習(xí)慣,培養(yǎng)多角度思維解題的能力,從而達(dá)到提高學(xué)習(xí)效率的目的。
特殊疑問句
注:1、一般情況:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句構(gòu)成。
2、特殊疑問詞在句中充當(dāng)成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答,直接回答。
4、讀降調(diào)。
5、常用疑問詞:who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對劃線部分提問。(把各句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧?
1、 對主語(人)提問:
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對表語(人)提問:
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對介賓(人)提問:
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對動賓(人)提問:
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對間賓(人)提問:
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對主語(東西)提問:
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對表語(東西)提問:
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對動賓(東西)提問:
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對職業(yè)(提問)提問:
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對介賓(東西)提問:
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對是什么提問:
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對計算結(jié)果提問:
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對年級提問:
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對班級提問:
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對年級和班級提問:
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對排提問:
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注:1、對年級、班級、排提問時,問句中的in 不能去掉.
2,what 后的grade ,class ,row用小寫形式.
3,what根據(jù)實際譯為漢語.
17、對學(xué)號提問:
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對后置定語提問:
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對顏色提問:
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對幾點幾分提問:
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對名字提問:
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對前置定語提問:
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對表語(名物代)提問:
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對后置定語提問:
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對后置定語提問:
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對主語(名物代)提問:
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對定語(形物代)提問:
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對定語(名詞所有格)提問:
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對表語(名詞所有格)提問:
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對身體提問:
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對年齡提問:
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對天氣提問:
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、對語言提問:
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對方式提問:
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、對程度提問:
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對數(shù)量提問:
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對價格提問:The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注:1,對價格提問,be 應(yīng)根據(jù)后面的主語而定。
2,單位yuan在問句中去掉。
38、對距離提問:
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對長度提問:
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對for+一段時間提問:
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注:how long 后面必須是延續(xù)性動詞。
41、對星期提問:
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對in+一段時間提問:
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對頻度副詞提問:
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對范圍內(nèi)的次數(shù)提問:
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對寬度提問:
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對原因狀語提問:
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注:表示“因為”的連詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對時間狀語提問:
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對地點狀語提問:
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對幾月幾日提問:
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對種類(后置定語)提問:
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對作什么提問:
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問句時,容易判斷錯的情況。
1、 數(shù)詞
表示年齡:He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時間:It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法:Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價格:The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少:I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名:My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人:The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長度和距離
表示距離:It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長度:It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色,東西
表示顏色:The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物:They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色:They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格:She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人:She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換的九種類型
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題是近幾年中考英語的一個?碱}型,其出題形式通常是同時給出兩個句子,第一句完整,第二句中設(shè)有幾處空格,要求考生填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組,使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語法、詞匯、短語或習(xí)慣用語和句型結(jié)構(gòu)等知識,要求運用所學(xué)的詞匯、語法知識和句型結(jié)構(gòu)填寫句子,使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、邏輯合理、語法知識無誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過對近幾年的中考英語試題中同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題的分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中考英語同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題主要考查以下幾個方面:
一、運用同義詞(組)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
用同義詞或同義詞組對原句中的某些詞或詞組進(jìn)行替換,注意轉(zhuǎn)換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應(yīng)。如:
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析:答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析:答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運用反義詞(組)的否定式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達(dá)與原句相同的意思,主要考查學(xué)生對反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如:
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析:答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”,其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析:答案為don’t,more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”,該結(jié)構(gòu)與not連用,則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外,有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用,而只需改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)也可構(gòu)成同義句。如:
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析:答案為borrowed,from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個結(jié)構(gòu)意思相反,但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置,則可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義句。
三、運用不同語態(tài)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即運用主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的變化來轉(zhuǎn)換同義詞,但此時要特別注意時態(tài)、動詞一致性。如:
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析:答案為be given back。被動句中含有情態(tài)動詞should,因此助動詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析:答案為are,used。computers是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,助動詞用are。
四、非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
即非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,此時往往會涉及時態(tài)的變化。如:
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析:答案為has been away。leave為非延續(xù)性動詞,不能與for two hours這樣的一段時間連用,而改成be away這樣的延續(xù)性動詞后,則可連用一段時間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析:答案為on for。has been提示時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),“for+時間段”表示“持續(xù)(一段時間)”,常用在含有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案:has been in。短暫動詞join,意為“參加、加入(組織,政黨)”,不能與延續(xù)時間狀語連用,與延續(xù)性時間狀語連用時,將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運用不同引語進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語或?qū)㈤g接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成直接引語。此時還要注意相關(guān)時態(tài)、人稱、動詞、狀語等相應(yīng)的變化。如:
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析:答案為told,had found。此題是將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析:答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問句的直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語。
六、運用簡單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將簡單句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的簡單句。如:
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析:答案為because of。將原因狀語從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析:答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結(jié)構(gòu),原句的that從句為結(jié)果狀語從句,改寫句中的不定式仍表結(jié)果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析:答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析:答案為after using。即將after引導(dǎo)的狀語從句改寫為after引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。
七、運用并列句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將并列句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的并列句。如:
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析:答案為If,don’t。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析:答案為who/ that,will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語從句,修飾先行詞the man。
八、運用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞連接或合并句子
即運用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞both…and…,neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…等將兩個簡單句合并為一個簡單句。此時要注意的是,both…and…連接兩個主語時,謂語總是用復(fù)數(shù),而neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞通常應(yīng)與靠近的主語保持一致。如:
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析:答案填Neither,nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”,剛好與原句的兩個否定結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析:答案為Both,and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析:答案為not only,but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
這類典型結(jié)構(gòu)如so…that…,too…to…,enough to,not…until…,so do I等。如:
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析:答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析:答案為didn’t,until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
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