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同位語(yǔ)從句講解及練習(xí)題
在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，我們最少不了的就是練習(xí)題了，做習(xí)題有助于提高我們分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力。一份什么樣的習(xí)題才能稱(chēng)之為好習(xí)題呢？以下是小編精心整理的同位語(yǔ)從句講解及練習(xí)題，僅供參考，大家一起來(lái)看看吧。
一、理解同位語(yǔ)從句的含義，把握同位語(yǔ)從句的實(shí)質(zhì)
在主從復(fù)合句中作同位語(yǔ)的從句稱(chēng)為同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等詞引導(dǎo)，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名詞后面，說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。換言之，同位語(yǔ)從句和所修飾的名詞在內(nèi)容上為同一關(guān)系，對(duì)其內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。
例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他們比賽獲勝的消息很快傳遍了整個(gè)學(xué)校。
析：they had won the game說(shuō)明The news的全部?jī)?nèi)容，因此該句為同位語(yǔ)從句。
二、正確運(yùn)用同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，準(zhǔn)確把握同位語(yǔ)從句
1.如同位語(yǔ)從句意義完整，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。（即that 不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用，不可省略）
例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.將軍下達(dá)了戰(zhàn)士們立即過(guò)河的命令。
析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部?jī)?nèi)容，且意義完整，因此應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
2.如同位語(yǔ)從句意義不完整，需增加"是否"的含義，應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。（if不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句）
例：Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我們將討論運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)是否會(huì)如期舉行的問(wèn)題。
析：the sports meeting will be held on time意義不完整，應(yīng)加"是否"的含義才能表達(dá)the problem的全部?jī)?nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
3.如同位語(yǔ)從句意義不完整，需增加"什么時(shí)候"、"什么地點(diǎn)"、"什么方式"等含義，應(yīng)用when, where, how等詞引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
析：he will be back意義不完整，應(yīng)加"什么時(shí)候"的含義才能表達(dá)idea的全部?jī)?nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike. 析：he went home意義不完整，應(yīng)加"如何"的含義才能表達(dá)impression的全部?jī)?nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
4.當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)較短，而同位語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，同位語(yǔ)從句常后置。
如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
三、把握同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
明確同位語(yǔ)從句和相似從句的界限 同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句相似，都放在某一名詞或代詞后面，但同位語(yǔ)從句不同于定語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，是名詞全部?jī)?nèi)容的體現(xiàn)，且名詞和同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞均不在從句中作成分；定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的性質(zhì)與特征，與先行詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系，且名詞和定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞均在從句中作成分。
區(qū)分時(shí)可以在先行詞與與從句之間加一個(gè)系動(dòng)詞be,使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)新句子，如果句子通順且符合邏輯，則為同位語(yǔ)從句，反之，則為定語(yǔ)從句。
如：The report that he was going to resign was false.
因?yàn)閠he report was that he was going to resign 句意通順，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位語(yǔ)從句。
例1：
1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
析：答案為B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的內(nèi)容，且Information不在從句中作成分，所以該句為同位語(yǔ)從句。應(yīng)將該句區(qū)別于：
2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. what B. that C. when D. as
析：答案為B。that has been put forward為information的修飾性定語(yǔ)，且information在從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以該句為定語(yǔ)從句。
例2：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案為B。分析語(yǔ)境含義、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子成分可知，該句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為a terrible noise，且它在從句中作主語(yǔ)。應(yīng)將該句區(qū)別于：
I cant stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
析：答案為D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的內(nèi)容，且the terrible noise不在從句中作成分，所以該句為同位語(yǔ)從句。
鞏固性練習(xí)：
1. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A. that B. what C. why D. which
2. The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A. hat B. what C. which D. why
3. The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A. what B. that C. why D. when
4. His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A. which B. that C./ D. it
5. I have no idea ____ he will start.
A. when B. that C. what D./
6. Ive come from the government with a message ____ the meeting wont be held tomorrow.
A. if B. that C. whether D. which
7. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when B. which C. what D. that
8. The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A. which B. whether C. that D. what
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that B. as C. of which D. which
10. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
A. whether B. where C. that D. when
Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA
同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的三點(diǎn)區(qū)別
同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句很相似,但還是有區(qū)別的,區(qū)別主要在以下三方面:
1. 從詞類(lèi)上區(qū)別
同位語(yǔ)從句前面的名詞只能是
idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定內(nèi)涵的名詞?而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是名詞?代詞?主句的一部分或是整個(gè)主句?如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed. (同位語(yǔ)從句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. (同位語(yǔ)從句)
Word came that he had been abroad. (同位語(yǔ)從句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我們的隊(duì)贏了,這讓我們很高興?(定語(yǔ)從句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位醫(yī)生在房間里面?(定語(yǔ)從句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他媽媽盡她的最大努力幫助他的學(xué)習(xí)?(定語(yǔ)從句,代詞all作先行詞?)
2. 從性質(zhì)上區(qū)別
定語(yǔ)從句是從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬于形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語(yǔ)從句是從句對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明和解釋,屬于名詞性從句的范疇。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽的消息是真的?(同位語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明news到底是一個(gè)什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的?(定語(yǔ)從句,news在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我許諾如果誰(shuí)讓我自由,我就讓他非常富有?(同位語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明promise到底是一個(gè)什么諾言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 媽媽做出了一個(gè)令她的孩子們高興的許諾?(定語(yǔ)從句,promise在從句中作pleased的主語(yǔ)?)
3. 從引導(dǎo)詞及其在句子中的成分上區(qū)別
有些引導(dǎo)詞如how, whether, what可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,但不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我們是否需要它這個(gè)問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有考慮?(同位語(yǔ)從句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他發(fā)生了什么事?(同位語(yǔ)從句)
引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),在從句中一般作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(指物時(shí)還可以用which代替),并且作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常常省略?that在同位語(yǔ)從句中僅起連接作用,不充當(dāng)任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which來(lái)代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我們應(yīng)派幾個(gè)人去幫別的幾個(gè)小組的命令昨天收到了?(同位語(yǔ)從句,是對(duì)order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我們昨天收到的命令是我們應(yīng)該派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的幾個(gè)小組?(定語(yǔ)從句,是名詞order的修飾語(yǔ),that在從句中作received的賓語(yǔ),可以省略?)
同位語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
一、意義的不同
同位語(yǔ)從句是用于說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語(yǔ)通常可以劃等號(hào);而定語(yǔ)從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類(lèi)似的東西區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。如：
We are glad at the news that he will come. 聽(tīng)到他要來(lái)這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句)
We are glad at the news that he told us. 聽(tīng)到他告訴我們的這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語(yǔ)從句)
二、引導(dǎo)詞的不同
what, how, if, whatever 等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但不引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
三、引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同
that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它不充當(dāng)句子成分，而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它作為關(guān)系代詞，要么充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，要么充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)。如上例 that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語(yǔ)。
四、被修飾詞語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
同位語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。 另外，when和where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常只修飾表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)卻不一定;又如why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，它通常只修飾名詞the reason，而它引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)則不一定。如：
I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他們什么時(shí)候來(lái)。(同位語(yǔ)從句)
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there.. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語(yǔ)從句)
We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我們不明白這個(gè)問(wèn)題，為什么這是最好的選擇。(同位語(yǔ)從句 )
The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)，原因是他生病了。(定語(yǔ)從句)
同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的的語(yǔ)法區(qū)別
1.意義的不同同位語(yǔ)從句是用于說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語(yǔ)通常可以劃等號(hào);而定語(yǔ)從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類(lèi)似的東西區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)：We are glad at the news that he will come. 聽(tīng)到他要來(lái)這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句)We are glad at the news that he told us. 聽(tīng)到他告訴我們的這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語(yǔ)從句)
2.引導(dǎo)詞的不同what, how, if, whatever 等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但不引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
3.引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它不充當(dāng)句子成分，而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它作為關(guān)系代詞，要么充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，要么充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)。如上例 that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語(yǔ)。
4.被修飾詞語(yǔ)的區(qū)別同位語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。 另外，when和where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常只修飾表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)卻不一定;又如why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，它通常只修飾名詞the reason，而它引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)則不一定：I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他們什么時(shí)候來(lái)。(同位語(yǔ)從句)I’ll never forget the days when I lived there. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語(yǔ)從句)
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